home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
/ Resource Library: Multimedia / Resource Library: Multimedia.iso / hypertxt / msdos / magic15c / time.mag < prev    next >
Black Magic hypertext document  |  1988-06-10  |  58.1 KB

open in: MacOS 8.1     |     Win98     |     DOS

view JSON data     |     view as text


This file was processed as: Black Magic hypertext document (document/blackMagicHypertext).
This format is not currently supported by dexvert.

ConfidenceProgramDetectionMatch TypeSupport
1% dexvert Black Magic hypertext document (document/blackMagicHypertext) magic Unsupported
1% dexvert Magnetic Game (other/magneticGame) ext Unsupported
100% file data default
100% TrID Black Magic hypertext document default
100% gt2 Kopftext: '%09This file is a special BLACK MAGIC Hypertext document. To read me default (weak)



hex view
+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
|00000000| 0d 0a 09 54 68 69 73 20 | 66 69 6c 65 20 69 73 20 |...This |file is |
|00000010| 61 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 | 6c 20 42 4c 41 43 4b 20 |a specia|l BLACK |
|00000020| 4d 41 47 49 43 20 48 79 | 70 65 72 74 65 78 74 20 |MAGIC Hy|pertext |
|00000030| 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 | 2e 20 20 54 6f 20 72 65 |document|. To re|
|00000040| 61 64 20 6d 65 0a 0d 6f | 62 74 61 69 6e 20 4d 41 |ad me..o|btain MA|
|00000050| 47 52 45 41 44 2e 41 52 | 43 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 |GREAD.AR|C from a|
|00000060| 20 6c 6f 63 61 6c 20 62 | 75 6c 6c 65 74 69 6e 20 | local b|ulletin |
|00000070| 62 6f 61 72 64 2c 20 66 | 72 65 65 20 6f 66 20 63 |board, f|ree of c|
|00000080| 68 61 72 67 65 2c 20 6f | 72 0d 0a 73 65 6e 64 20 |harge, o|r..send |
|00000090| 24 31 30 20 74 6f 3a 0d | 0a 0a 09 4e 54 45 52 47 |$10 to:.|...NTERG|
|000000a0| 41 49 44 0d 0a 09 39 35 | 35 20 43 4f 4e 4e 45 54 |AID...95|5 CONNET|
|000000b0| 49 43 55 54 20 41 56 45 | 2e 0d 0a 09 42 52 49 44 |ICUT AVE|....BRID|
|000000c0| 47 45 50 4f 52 54 2c 20 | 43 54 20 30 36 36 30 37 |GEPORT, |CT 06607|
|000000d0| 0d 0a 0a 74 6f 20 72 65 | 63 65 69 76 65 2c 20 61 |...to re|ceive, a|
|000000e0| 20 64 69 73 6b 20 63 6f | 70 79 20 6f 66 20 4d 41 | disk co|py of MA|
|000000f0| 47 52 45 41 44 2e 41 52 | 43 20 61 6e 64 20 61 20 |GREAD.AR|C and a |
|00000100| 70 72 69 6e 74 65 64 20 | 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 2e 20 |printed |manual. |
|00000110| 20 59 6f 75 27 6c 6c 20 | 61 6c 73 6f 0d 0a 67 65 | You'll |also..ge|
|00000120| 74 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 6f | 66 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 |t some o|f the la|
|00000130| 74 65 73 74 20 64 6f 63 | 75 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 77 |test doc|uments w|
|00000140| 72 69 74 74 65 6e 20 77 | 69 74 68 20 42 4c 41 43 |ritten w|ith BLAC|
|00000150| 4b 20 4d 41 47 49 43 2e | 0d 0a 0a 09 09 09 09 54 |K MAGIC.|.......T|
|00000160| 68 61 6e 6b 20 59 6f 75 | 0d 0a 09 09 09 09 4e 54 |hank You|......NT|
|00000170| 45 52 47 41 49 44 2c 20 | 49 6e 63 2e 1a 00 00 00 |ERGAID, |Inc.....|
|00000180| 08 00 06 39 00 00 1f 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |...9....|........|
|00000190| 00 00 00 00 00 1f 00 02 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 4f |........|.......O|
|000001a0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000001b0| 00 00 00 00 00 21 00 08 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....!..|..O....O|
|000001c0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000001d0| 00 00 00 00 00 29 00 03 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....)..|..O....O|
|000001e0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000001f0| 00 00 00 00 00 2c 00 06 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....,..|..O....O|
|00000200| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 61 20 64 69 73 74 69 20 |........|a disti |
|00000210| 00 00 00 00 00 32 00 1f | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....2..|..O....O|
|00000220| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000230| 00 00 00 00 00 51 00 03 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....Q..|..O....O|
|00000240| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 77 61 73 20 65 76 65 6e |........|was even|
|00000250| 74 75 61 6c 6c 54 00 07 | 00 18 4f 00 00 65 01 4f |tuallT..|..O..e.O|
|00000260| 00 00 8b 4c 00 00 03 00 | 61 6e 64 20 63 75 6c 74 |...L....|and cult|
|00000270| 75 72 65 20 69 5b 00 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 64 01 4f |ure i[..|..O..d.O|
|00000280| 00 2e 20 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |.. .....|........|
|00000290| 00 00 00 00 00 5c 00 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....\..|..O....O|
|000002a0| 00 2e 20 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |.. .....|........|
|000002b0| 00 00 00 00 00 5d 00 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....]..|..O....O|
|000002c0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 16 5e 00 00 1f 00 |........|...^....|
|000002d0| 00 00 00 00 00 5e 00 08 | 00 18 4f 00 00 20 01 4f |.....^..|..O.. .O|
|000002e0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 69 6e 66 6c 75 65 6e 63 |........|influenc|
|000002f0| 65 20 74 6f 20 66 00 05 | 00 18 4f 00 00 20 01 4f |e to f..|..O.. .O|
|00000300| 00 00 9e 5e 00 00 02 00 | 72 20 74 68 61 74 20 77 |...^....|r that w|
|00000310| 61 73 20 73 75 6b 00 05 | 00 18 4f 00 00 20 01 4f |as suk..|..O.. .O|
|00000320| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000330| 00 00 00 00 00 70 00 07 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....p..|..O....O|
|00000340| 00 00 22 5f 00 00 05 00 | 6f 6e 73 2c 20 61 6e 20 |.."_....|ons, an |
|00000350| 08 00 22 5f 00 77 00 14 | 00 18 4f 00 00 20 01 4f |.."_.w..|..O.. .O|
|00000360| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000370| 00 00 00 00 00 8b 00 08 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|00000380| 00 00 bc 60 08 00 03 00 | 66 20 6f 70 70 6f 73 69 |...`....|f opposi|
|00000390| 74 69 6f 6e 20 93 00 07 | 00 18 4f 00 00 78 01 4f |tion ...|..O..x.O|
|000003a0| 00 00 04 61 00 00 02 00 | 6c 70 65 64 20 74 6f 20 |...a....|lped to |
|000003b0| 66 6f 72 6d 20 9a 00 03 | 00 18 4f 00 00 75 01 4f |form ...|..O..u.O|
|000003c0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 65 72 69 6e 67 20 41 6d |........|ering Am|
|000003d0| 65 72 69 63 61 9d 00 06 | 00 18 4f 00 00 75 01 4f |erica...|..O..u.O|
|000003e0| 00 00 6c 61 08 00 03 00 | 20 66 65 75 64 61 6c 69 |..la....| feudali|
|000003f0| 73 6d 2e 20 20 a3 00 07 | 00 18 4f 00 00 77 01 4f |sm. ...|..O..w.O|
|00000400| 00 00 b1 61 08 00 03 00 | 6d 65 72 20 77 68 6f 20 |...a....|mer who |
|00000410| 6c 61 69 64 20 aa 00 03 | 00 18 4f 00 00 64 01 4f |laid ...|..O..d.O|
|00000420| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000430| 00 00 00 00 00 ad 00 04 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|00000440| 00 00 0a 62 08 00 03 00 | 20 22 70 75 72 65 22 2e |...b....| "pure".|
|00000450| 20 20 54 68 65 b1 00 02 | 00 18 4f 00 00 74 01 4f | The...|..O..t.O|
|00000460| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000470| 00 00 00 00 00 b3 00 01 | 00 05 32 00 00 00 01 32 |........|..2....2|
|00000480| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000490| 00 00 00 00 00 b4 00 04 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|000004a0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000004b0| 00 00 00 00 00 b8 00 05 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|000004c0| 00 00 b1 61 00 00 04 00 | 00 00 b1 61 08 00 03 00 |...a....|...a....|
|000004d0| 00 00 cf 37 1b bd 00 02 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |...7....|..O....O|
|000004e0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000004f0| 00 00 00 00 00 bf 00 05 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|00000500| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000510| 00 00 00 00 00 c4 00 05 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|00000520| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000530| 00 00 00 00 00 c9 00 05 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|00000540| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000550| 00 00 00 00 00 ce 00 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|00000560| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000570| 00 00 00 00 00 cf 00 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|00000580| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000590| 00 00 00 00 00 d0 00 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|000005a0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000005b0| 00 00 00 00 00 d1 00 0b | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|000005c0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000005d0| 00 00 00 00 00 dc 00 09 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|000005e0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000005f0| 00 00 00 00 00 e5 00 04 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|00000600| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000610| 00 00 00 00 00 e9 00 02 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|00000620| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000630| 00 00 00 00 00 eb 00 09 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|00000640| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000650| 00 00 00 00 00 f4 00 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|00000660| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000670| 00 00 00 00 00 f5 00 05 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|00000680| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000690| 00 00 00 00 00 fa 00 02 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|000006a0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000006b0| 00 00 00 00 00 fc 00 01 | 00 05 32 00 00 00 01 32 |........|..2....2|
|000006c0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000006d0| 00 00 00 00 00 fd 00 08 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|000006e0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000006f0| 00 00 00 00 00 05 01 0d | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|00000700| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000710| 00 00 00 00 00 12 01 03 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|00000720| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000730| 00 00 00 00 00 15 01 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|00000740| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000750| 00 00 00 00 00 16 01 03 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|00000760| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000770| 00 00 00 00 00 19 01 07 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|00000780| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000790| 00 00 00 00 00 20 01 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |..... ..|..O....O|
|000007a0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000007b0| 00 00 00 00 00 21 01 05 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....!..|..O....O|
|000007c0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000007d0| 00 00 00 00 00 26 01 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....&..|..O....O|
|000007e0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000007f0| 00 00 00 00 00 27 01 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....'..|..O....O|
|00000800| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 63 74 65 64 20 50 72 65 |........|cted Pre|
|00000810| 73 69 64 65 6e 28 01 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 20 01 4f |siden(..|..O.. .O|
|00000820| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000830| 00 00 00 00 00 29 01 08 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....)..|..O....O|
|00000840| 00 00 22 88 08 00 32 00 | 38 36 33 2c 20 50 72 65 |.."...2.|863, Pre|
|00000850| 73 69 64 65 6e 31 01 05 | 00 18 4f 00 00 6d 01 4f |siden1..|..O..m.O|
|00000860| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000870| 00 00 00 00 00 36 01 0b | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....6..|..O....O|
|00000880| 00 00 39 88 08 00 03 00 | 00 00 20 88 00 00 01 00 |..9.....|.. .....|
|00000890| 00 00 20 88 00 41 01 02 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.. ..A..|..O....O|
|000008a0| 00 00 3e 89 00 00 02 00 | 68 65 20 62 61 74 74 6c |..>.....|he battl|
|000008b0| 65 20 6f 66 20 43 01 02 | 00 18 4f 00 00 4b 01 4f |e of C..|..O..K.O|
|000008c0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 64 20 74 68 65 20 77 65 |........|d the we|
|000008d0| 73 74 20 63 6f 45 01 04 | 00 18 4f 00 00 20 01 4f |st coE..|..O.. .O|
|000008e0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000008f0| 00 00 00 00 00 49 01 02 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....I..|..O....O|
|00000900| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 74 65 20 6f 72 20 66 20 |........|te or f |
|00000910| 00 00 00 00 00 4b 01 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....K..|..O....O|
|00000920| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000930| 00 00 00 00 00 4c 01 02 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....L..|..O....O|
|00000940| 00 00 a0 78 00 00 48 10 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |...x..H.|........|
|00000950| 00 00 00 00 00 4e 01 01 | 00 05 32 00 00 00 01 32 |.....N..|..2....2|
|00000960| 00 00 a0 78 08 00 3c 10 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |...x..<.|........|
|00000970| 00 00 00 00 00 4f 01 04 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....O..|..O....O|
|00000980| 00 00 a0 78 00 00 fa 0f | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |...x....|........|
|00000990| 00 00 00 00 00 53 01 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....S..|..O....O|
|000009a0| 00 00 a0 78 08 00 e7 0f | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |...x....|........|
|000009b0| 00 00 00 00 00 54 01 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....T..|..O....O|
|000009c0| 00 00 9f 68 08 00 02 00 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |...h....| |
|000009d0| 20 20 20 20 20 55 01 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f | U..|..O....O|
|000009e0| 00 00 a0 78 08 00 bc 0f | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |...x....|........|
|000009f0| 02 02 02 02 20 56 01 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 52 01 4f |.... V..|..O..R.O|
|00000a00| 00 00 a0 78 00 00 a4 0f | 00 00 00 00 04 04 04 04 |...x....|........|
|00000a10| 22 22 22 22 51 57 01 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 12 01 4f |""""QW..|..O....O|
|00000a20| 00 00 a0 78 08 00 92 0f | 4e 4e 4e 4e 38 38 38 38 |...x....|NNNN8888|
|00000a30| e2 e2 e2 e2 71 58 01 06 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |....qX..|..O....O|
|00000a40| 00 00 a0 78 00 00 4e 0f | 77 68 69 63 68 20 70 72 |...x..N.|which pr|
|00000a50| 6f 64 75 63 65 5e 01 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 72 01 4f |oduce^..|..O..r.O|
|00000a60| 00 00 a0 78 08 00 3b 0f | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |...x..;.|........|
|00000a70| 00 00 00 00 00 5f 01 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |....._..|..O....O|
|00000a80| 00 00 a0 78 00 00 2c 0f | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |...x..,.|........|
|00000a90| 00 00 00 00 00 60 01 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....`..|..O....O|
|00000aa0| 00 00 a0 78 08 00 13 0f | 08 08 08 08 a0 a0 a0 a0 |...x....|........|
|00000ab0| 00 00 00 00 00 61 01 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....a..|..O....O|
|00000ac0| 00 00 a0 78 00 00 04 0f | a8 a8 a8 a8 0f 0f 0f 0f |...x....|........|
|00000ad0| 20 20 20 20 00 62 01 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f | .b..|..O....O|
|00000ae0| 00 00 a0 78 08 00 ec 0e | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |...x....|........|
|00000af0| 00 00 00 00 00 63 01 05 | 00 18 4f 00 00 80 01 4f |.....c..|..O....O|
|00000b00| 00 00 a0 78 08 00 aa 0e | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |...x....|........|
|00000b10| 00 00 00 00 20 68 01 02 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.... h..|..O....O|
|00000b20| 00 00 a0 78 08 00 83 0e | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |...x....|........|
|00000b30| 04 04 04 04 00 6a 01 04 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....j..|..O....O|
|00000b40| 00 00 a0 78 00 00 4f 0e | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |...x..O.|........|
|00000b50| 00 00 00 00 00 6e 01 03 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....n..|..O....O|
|00000b60| 00 00 a0 78 08 00 2a 0e | 00 00 00 00 48 48 48 48 |...x..*.|....HHHH|
|00000b70| 84 84 84 84 08 71 01 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....q..|..O....O|
|00000b80| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000b90| 00 00 00 00 00 72 01 01 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....r..|..O....O|
|00000ba0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000bb0| 00 00 00 00 00 73 01 05 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |.....s..|..O....O|
|00000bc0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | be 99 38 eb 03 be 9e 38 |........|..8....8|
|00000bd0| e8 05 00 72 f2 78 01 01 | 00 0e 32 00 00 06 01 32 |...r.x..|..2....2|
|00000be0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 50 51 53 e8 e3 ef 5b 83 |........|PQS...[.|
|00000bf0| c3 02 81 fb 00 79 01 05 | 00 0e 32 00 00 04 01 32 |.....y..|..2....2|
|00000c00| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 30 9d 00 00 03 00 |........|..0.....|
|00000c10| 20 20 20 53 6f 7e 01 01 | 00 0e 32 00 00 74 01 32 | So~..|..2..t.2|
|00000c20| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 67 69 6f 75 73 20 62 65 |........|gious be|
|00000c30| 6c 69 65 66 20 7f 01 08 | 00 0e 32 00 00 20 01 32 |lief ...|..2.. .2|
|00000c40| 00 00 2e 3a 08 00 25 00 | 08 00 12 3a 00 00 07 00 |...:..%.|...:....|
|00000c50| 20 20 20 50 72 87 01 01 | 00 0e 32 00 00 75 01 32 | Pr...|..2..u.2|
|00000c60| 00 00 2e 3a 00 00 1a 00 | 73 20 75 73 65 64 2e 20 |...:....|s used. |
|00000c70| 20 20 20 20 20 88 01 07 | 00 0e 32 00 00 20 01 32 | ...|..2.. .2|
|00000c80| 00 00 58 3a 08 00 0f 00 | 20 44 65 63 6c 69 6e 65 |..X:....| Decline|
|00000c90| 20 6f 66 20 70 8f 01 01 | 00 0e 32 00 00 20 01 32 | of p...|..2.. .2|
|00000ca0| 00 00 58 3a 00 00 04 00 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |..X:....| |
|00000cb0| 08 00 00 3a 00 90 01 05 | 00 0e 32 00 00 00 01 32 |...:....|..2....2|
|00000cc0| 00 00 d5 39 08 00 07 00 | 08 00 5b 3a 00 00 05 00 |...9....|..[:....|
|00000cd0| 65 73 3a 20 4f 95 01 01 | 00 0e 32 00 00 20 01 32 |es: O...|..2.. .2|
|00000ce0| 00 00 5b 3a 08 00 17 00 | 08 00 db 39 00 00 01 00 |..[:....|...9....|
|00000cf0| 08 00 db 39 01 96 01 02 | 00 0e 32 00 00 00 01 32 |...9....|..2....2|
|00000d00| 00 00 4d 6c 00 00 02 00 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |..Ml....| |
|00000d10| 20 20 20 20 20 98 01 0a | 00 18 4f 00 00 20 01 4f | ...|..O.. .O|
|00000d20| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000d30| 00 00 00 00 00 a2 01 06 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|00000d40| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000d50| 00 00 00 00 00 a8 01 02 | 00 18 4f 00 00 00 01 4f |........|..O....O|
|00000d60| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000d70| 00 00 00 00 00 aa 01 01 | 00 0e 32 00 00 00 01 32 |........|..2....2|
|00000d80| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000d90| 00 00 00 00 00 ab 01 03 | 00 0e 32 00 00 00 01 32 |........|..2....2|
|00000da0| 00 00 6c 6e 00 00 17 00 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |..ln....| |
|00000db0| 00 00 3b 6e 00 ae 01 01 | 00 0e 32 00 00 00 01 32 |..;n....|..2....2|
|00000dc0| 00 00 6c 6e 00 00 0a 00 | 65 20 55 53 20 20 20 20 |..ln....|e US |
|00000dd0| 20 20 20 20 20 af 01 03 | 00 0e 32 00 00 20 01 32 | ...|..2.. .2|
|00000de0| 00 00 36 6e 00 00 04 00 | 6d 65 20 74 68 65 20 79 |..6n....|me the y|
|00000df0| 6f 75 6e 67 65 b2 01 01 | 00 0e 32 00 00 64 01 32 |ounge...|..2..d.2|
|00000e00| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 6e 74 69 61 6c 20 6e 6f |........|ntial no|
|00000e10| 6d 69 6e 61 74 b3 01 07 | 00 0e 32 00 00 20 01 32 |minat...|..2.. .2|
|00000e20| 00 00 d2 6d 00 00 26 00 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |...m..&.| |
|00000e30| 00 00 b0 6d 00 ba 01 01 | 00 0e 32 00 00 00 01 32 |...m....|..2....2|
|00000e40| 00 00 d2 6d 00 00 17 00 | 69 7a 65 6e 2e 20 20 4c |...m....|izen. L|
|00000e50| 69 6b 65 20 6d bb 01 04 | 00 0e 32 00 00 20 01 32 |ike m...|..2.. .2|
|00000e60| 00 00 4f 6e 00 00 02 00 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |..On....| |
|00000e70| 20 20 20 20 20 bf 01 01 | 00 0e 32 00 00 20 01 32 | ...|..2.. .2|
|00000e80| 00 00 e1 6e 00 00 03 00 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |...n....| |
|00000e90| 20 20 20 20 20 c0 01 04 | 00 0e 32 00 00 20 01 32 | ...|..2.. .2|
|00000ea0| 00 00 a4 6d 00 00 02 00 | 00 00 8f 6d 01 00 2f 00 |...m....|...m../.|
|00000eb0| 00 00 83 6d 00 c4 01 01 | 00 0e 32 00 00 00 01 32 |...m....|..2....2|
|00000ec0| 00 00 81 6e 00 00 04 00 | 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |...n....| of the |
|00000ed0| 67 72 65 61 74 c5 01 04 | 00 0e 32 00 00 72 01 32 |great...|..2..r.2|
|00000ee0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000ef0| 00 00 00 00 00 c9 01 01 | 00 0e 32 00 00 00 01 32 |........|..2....2|
|00000f00| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000f10| 00 00 00 00 00 ca 01 07 | 00 0e 32 00 00 00 01 32 |........|..2....2|
|00000f20| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000f30| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000f40| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000f50| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000f60| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000f70| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00000f80| 20 0d 20 0d 20 0d 0f 08 | 54 49 4d 45 2d 31 20 20 | . . ...|TIME-1 |
|00000f90| 0c 01 13 00 07 00 02 00 | 01 0c 01 13 00 ed 00 03 |........|........|
|00000fa0| 00 02 0c 01 14 00 19 00 | 04 00 03 0c 01 14 00 de |........|........|
|00000fb0| 00 05 00 04 0c 01 16 00 | 33 00 06 00 05 0c 01 16 |........|3.......|
|00000fc0| 00 c0 00 07 00 06 0c 01 | 1f 00 0c 00 08 00 07 0c |........|........|
|00000fd0| 01 22 00 e1 00 09 00 08 | 0c 01 2f 00 0c 00 0a 00 |."......|../.....|
|00000fe0| 09 0c 01 2e 00 e8 00 0b | 00 0a 0c 01 30 00 23 00 |........|....0.#.|
|00000ff0| 0c 00 0b 0c 01 31 00 ca | 00 0d 00 0c 0c 01 38 00 |.....1..|......8.|
|00001000| 06 00 0e 00 0d 0c 01 3d | 00 eb 00 0f 00 0e 0c 01 |.......=|........|
|00001010| 3d 00 06 00 10 00 0f 0c | 01 42 00 d9 00 11 00 10 |=.......|.B......|
|00001020| 0c 01 42 00 0b 00 12 00 | 11 0c 01 42 00 c0 00 13 |..B.....|...B....|
|00001030| 00 12 0c 01 44 00 21 00 | 14 00 13 0c 01 44 00 a9 |....D.!.|.....D..|
|00001040| 00 15 00 14 0c 01 44 00 | 36 00 16 00 15 0c 01 46 |......D.|6......F|
|00001050| 00 61 00 17 00 16 20 0d | 20 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |.a.... .| .......|
|00001060| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00001070| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00001080| 09 00 01 20 0d 20 0d 20 | 0d 20 0d 20 0d 20 0d 20 |... . . |. . . . |
|00001090| 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. | |
|000010a0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000010b0| 20 20 42 20 4f 20 4f 20 | 4d 20 21 20 0d 20 0d 54 | B O O |M ! . .T|
|000010c0| 68 65 20 42 69 67 20 42 | 61 6e 67 20 69 73 20 61 |he Big B|ang is a|
|000010d0| 20 74 68 65 6f 72 79 20 | 74 68 61 74 20 61 74 74 | theory |that att|
|000010e0| 65 6d 70 74 73 20 74 6f | 20 65 78 70 6c 61 69 6e |empts to| explain|
|000010f0| 20 74 68 65 20 6f 72 69 | 67 69 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 | the ori|gin of t|
|00001100| 68 65 20 0d 75 6e 69 76 | 65 72 73 65 2e 20 20 54 |he .univ|erse. T|
|00001110| 68 65 20 74 68 65 6f 72 | 79 20 73 74 61 74 65 73 |he theor|y states|
|00001120| 20 74 68 61 74 20 62 65 | 74 77 65 65 6e 20 31 30 | that be|tween 10|
|00001130| 20 61 6e 64 20 32 30 20 | 62 69 6c 6c 69 6f 6e 20 | and 20 |billion |
|00001140| 79 65 61 72 73 20 61 67 | 6f 20 61 6c 6c 20 6f 66 |years ag|o all of|
|00001150| 20 0d 74 68 65 20 6d 61 | 74 74 65 72 20 61 6e 64 | .the ma|tter and|
|00001160| 20 65 6e 65 72 67 79 20 | 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 75 | energy |in the u|
|00001170| 6e 69 76 65 72 73 65 20 | 77 61 73 20 63 6f 6e 63 |niverse |was conc|
|00001180| 65 6e 74 72 61 74 65 64 | 20 69 6e 20 61 20 76 65 |entrated| in a ve|
|00001190| 72 79 20 73 6d 61 6c 6c | 20 61 72 65 61 2e 20 0d |ry small| area. .|
|000011a0| 54 68 69 73 20 61 72 65 | 61 20 74 68 65 6e 20 65 |This are|a then e|
|000011b0| 78 70 6c 6f 64 65 64 2c | 20 63 72 65 61 74 69 6e |xploded,| creatin|
|000011c0| 67 20 74 68 65 20 75 6e | 69 76 65 72 73 65 2e 20 |g the un|iverse. |
|000011d0| 20 54 68 65 20 65 78 70 | 6c 6f 73 69 6f 6e 20 66 | The exp|losion f|
|000011e0| 6c 75 6e 67 20 61 6c 6c | 20 6f 66 20 0d 74 68 65 |lung all| of .the|
|000011f0| 20 6d 61 74 74 65 72 20 | 61 6e 64 20 65 6e 65 72 | matter |and ener|
|00001200| 67 79 20 63 6c 75 73 74 | 65 72 65 64 20 69 6e 20 |gy clust|ered in |
|00001210| 74 68 61 74 20 73 6d 61 | 6c 6c 20 61 72 65 61 20 |that sma|ll area |
|00001220| 6f 75 74 77 61 72 64 20 | 63 72 65 61 74 69 6e 67 |outward |creating|
|00001230| 20 74 68 65 20 0d 75 6e | 69 76 65 72 73 65 20 61 | the .un|iverse a|
|00001240| 73 20 77 65 20 6b 6e 6f | 77 20 69 74 2e 20 20 54 |s we kno|w it. T|
|00001250| 68 65 20 65 78 70 61 6e | 73 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 |he expan|sion of |
|00001260| 74 68 69 73 20 22 61 72 | 65 61 22 20 68 61 73 20 |this "ar|ea" has |
|00001270| 63 6f 6e 74 69 6e 75 65 | 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 69 |continue|d to thi|
|00001280| 73 20 0d 64 61 79 2e 20 | 20 54 68 65 20 65 76 69 |s .day. | The evi|
|00001290| 64 65 6e 63 65 20 66 6f | 72 20 74 68 69 6e 6b 69 |dence fo|r thinki|
|000012a0| 6e 67 20 74 68 61 74 20 | 74 68 65 20 75 6e 69 76 |ng that |the univ|
|000012b0| 65 72 73 65 20 69 73 20 | 73 74 69 6c 6c 20 65 78 |erse is |still ex|
|000012c0| 70 61 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 | 61 77 61 79 20 0d 66 72 |panding |away .fr|
|000012d0| 6f 6d 20 74 68 61 74 20 | 22 61 72 65 61 22 20 69 |om that |"area" i|
|000012e0| 73 20 74 68 65 20 66 65 | 65 62 6c 65 20 62 61 63 |s the fe|eble bac|
|000012f0| 6b 67 72 6f 75 6e 64 20 | 72 61 64 69 61 74 69 6f |kground |radiatio|
|00001300| 6e 20 74 68 61 74 20 77 | 61 73 20 64 69 73 63 6f |n that w|as disco|
|00001310| 76 65 72 65 64 20 69 6e | 20 0d 74 68 65 20 31 39 |vered in| .the 19|
|00001320| 36 30 73 2e 20 20 54 68 | 69 73 20 72 61 64 69 61 |60s. Th|is radia|
|00001330| 74 69 6f 6e 20 68 61 73 | 20 61 20 62 6c 61 63 6b |tion has| a black|
|00001340| 62 6f 64 79 20 74 65 6d | 70 65 72 61 74 75 72 65 |body tem|perature|
|00001350| 20 6f 66 20 33 20 64 65 | 67 72 65 65 73 20 61 62 | of 3 de|grees ab|
|00001360| 6f 76 65 20 0d 61 62 73 | 6f 6c 75 74 65 20 7a 65 |ove .abs|olute ze|
|00001370| 72 6f 2e 20 20 54 68 69 | 73 20 72 61 64 69 61 74 |ro. Thi|s radiat|
|00001380| 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 69 | 6e 74 65 72 70 72 65 74 |ion is i|nterpret|
|00001390| 65 64 20 61 73 20 74 68 | 65 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 |ed as th|e electr|
|000013a0| 6f 6d 61 67 6e 65 74 69 | 63 20 0d 72 65 6d 6e 61 |omagneti|c .remna|
|000013b0| 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 74 | 68 65 20 70 72 69 6d 6f |nts of t|he primo|
|000013c0| 72 64 69 61 6c 20 66 69 | 72 65 62 61 6c 6c 20 73 |rdial fi|reball s|
|000013d0| 74 72 65 74 63 68 65 64 | 20 74 6f 20 6c 6f 6e 67 |tretched| to long|
|000013e0| 20 77 61 76 65 6c 65 6e | 67 74 68 73 20 62 79 20 | wavelen|gths by |
|000013f0| 74 68 65 20 0d 65 78 70 | 61 6e 73 69 6f 6e 20 6f |the .exp|ansion o|
|00001400| 66 20 74 68 65 20 75 6e | 69 76 65 72 73 65 2e 20 |f the un|iverse. |
|00001410| 09 00 01 20 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |... ....|........|
|00001420| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00001430| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00001440| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00001450| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00001460| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00001470| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00001480| 09 00 02 50 72 65 68 69 | 73 74 6f 72 69 63 20 4d |...Prehi|storic M|
|00001490| 61 6e 20 63 61 6e 20 62 | 65 20 62 72 6f 6b 65 6e |an can b|e broken|
|000014a0| 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 61 73 | 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 73 | down as| follows|
|000014b0| 3a 20 0d 20 0d 02 00 53 | 00 54 18 41 67 65 3a 20 |: . ...S|.T.Age: |
|000014c0| 4c 6f 77 65 72 20 50 61 | 6c 65 6f 6c 69 74 68 69 |Lower Pa|leolithi|
|000014d0| 63 13 18 20 0d 20 0d 02 | 00 55 00 56 18 41 67 65 |c.. . ..|.U.V.Age|
|000014e0| 3a 20 55 70 70 65 72 20 | 50 61 6c 65 6f 6c 69 74 |: Upper |Paleolit|
|000014f0| 68 69 63 13 18 20 0d 20 | 0d 02 00 57 00 58 18 41 |hic.. . |...W.X.A|
|00001500| 67 65 3a 20 4d 65 73 6f | 6c 69 74 68 69 63 13 18 |ge: Meso|lithic..|
|00001510| 20 0d 20 8d 02 00 59 00 | 5a 18 41 67 65 3a 20 4e | . ...Y.|Z.Age: N|
|00001520| 65 6f 6c 69 74 68 69 63 | 20 13 18 20 8d 20 0d 02 |eolithic| .. . ..|
|00001530| 00 5b 00 5c 18 41 67 65 | 3a 20 63 61 33 35 30 30 |.[.\.Age|: ca3500|
|00001540| 20 42 43 13 18 20 0d 20 | 0d 49 6e 20 67 65 6e 65 | BC.. . |.In gene|
|00001550| 72 61 6c 20 66 72 6f 6d | 20 33 35 30 30 20 42 43 |ral from| 3500 BC|
|00001560| 20 66 6f 72 77 61 72 64 | 2c 20 6d 61 72 6b 73 20 | forward|, marks |
|00001570| 74 68 65 20 62 65 67 69 | 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 |the begi|nning of|
|00001580| 20 74 68 65 20 73 6f 63 | 69 65 74 69 65 73 20 74 | the soc|ieties t|
|00001590| 68 61 74 20 0d 6f 75 72 | 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 74 |hat .our| current|
|000015a0| 20 63 69 76 69 6c 69 7a | 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 | civiliz|ation is|
|000015b0| 20 62 61 73 65 64 20 6f | 6e 2e 20 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | based o|n. .....|
|000015c0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000015d0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000015e0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000015f0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00001600| 09 00 03 53 75 6d 65 72 | 20 77 61 73 20 61 6e 20 |...Sumer| was an |
|00001610| 61 6e 63 69 65 6e 74 20 | 63 75 6c 74 75 72 65 20 |ancient |culture |
|00001620| 62 61 73 65 64 20 69 6e | 20 74 68 65 20 61 72 65 |based in| the are|
|00001630| 61 20 6b 6e 6f 77 6e 20 | 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 66 |a known |as the f|
|00001640| 65 72 74 69 6c 65 20 0d | 43 72 65 73 63 65 6e 74 |ertile .|Crescent|
|00001650| 2c 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 73 | 70 65 63 69 66 69 63 61 |, more s|pecifica|
|00001660| 6c 6c 79 20 53 75 6d 65 | 72 20 77 61 73 20 62 61 |lly Sume|r was ba|
|00001670| 73 65 64 20 69 6e 20 4d | 65 73 6f 70 6f 74 61 6d |sed in M|esopotam|
|00001680| 69 61 2e 20 20 53 55 6d | 65 72 20 77 61 73 20 61 |ia. SUm|er was a|
|00001690| 6e 20 0d 61 6e 74 69 20 | 73 65 6d 69 74 69 63 20 |n .anti |semitic |
|000016a0| 63 75 6c 74 75 72 65 20 | 74 68 61 74 20 61 70 70 |culture |that app|
|000016b0| 65 61 72 65 64 20 61 73 | 20 65 61 72 6c 79 20 61 |eared as| early a|
|000016c0| 73 20 35 30 30 30 20 42 | 43 2e 20 20 42 79 20 33 |s 5000 B|C. By 3|
|000016d0| 30 30 30 20 42 43 20 53 | 75 6d 65 72 69 61 6e 20 |000 BC S|umerian |
|000016e0| 0d 63 69 74 79 20 73 74 | 61 74 65 73 20 28 45 72 |.city st|ates (Er|
|000016f0| 65 63 68 2c 20 4b 69 73 | 68 2c 20 4c 61 67 61 73 |ech, Kis|h, Lagas|
|00001700| 68 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 55 | 52 29 20 68 61 64 20 67 |h, and U|R) had g|
|00001710| 61 69 6e 65 64 20 63 6f | 6e 73 69 64 65 72 61 62 |ained co|nsiderab|
|00001720| 6c 65 20 70 6f 77 65 72 | 20 0d 62 61 73 65 64 20 |le power| .based |
|00001730| 6f 6e 20 69 72 72 69 67 | 61 74 65 64 20 61 67 72 |on irrig|ated agr|
|00001740| 69 63 75 6c 74 75 72 65 | 2e 20 20 54 68 65 79 20 |iculture|. They |
|00001750| 61 6c 73 6f 20 64 65 76 | 65 6c 6f 70 65 64 20 70 |also dev|eloped p|
|00001760| 6f 74 74 65 72 79 20 61 | 6e 64 20 6d 65 74 61 6c |ottery a|nd metal|
|00001770| 20 0d 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e | 67 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 66 | .workin|g into f|
|00001780| 69 6e 65 20 61 72 74 73 | 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 70 72 |ine arts|, and pr|
|00001790| 6f 62 61 62 6c 79 20 69 | 6e 76 65 6e 74 65 64 20 |obably i|nvented |
|000017a0| 43 75 6e 65 69 66 6f 72 | 6d 20 77 72 69 74 69 6e |Cuneifor|m writin|
|000017b0| 67 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 | 0d 53 75 6d 65 72 69 61 |g. The |.Sumeria|
|000017c0| 6e 73 20 77 65 72 65 20 | 74 68 65 20 6e 61 74 75 |ns were |the natu|
|000017d0| 72 61 6c 20 72 69 76 61 | 6c 73 20 6f 66 20 73 65 |ral riva|ls of se|
|000017e0| 6d 69 74 69 63 20 63 75 | 6c 74 75 72 65 73 20 73 |mitic cu|ltures s|
|000017f0| 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 41 | 6b 6b 61 64 20 61 6e 64 |uch as A|kkad and|
|00001800| 20 77 65 72 65 20 0d 75 | 6c 74 69 6d 61 74 65 6c | were .u|ltimatel|
|00001810| 79 20 63 6f 6e 71 75 65 | 72 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 |y conque|red by t|
|00001820| 68 65 6d 2e 20 20 54 68 | 65 72 65 20 77 61 73 20 |hem. Th|ere was |
|00001830| 61 20 53 75 6d 65 72 69 | 61 6e 20 72 65 76 69 76 |a Sumeri|an reviv|
|00001840| 61 6c 20 75 6e 64 65 72 | 20 74 68 65 20 74 68 69 |al under| the thi|
|00001850| 72 64 20 0d 64 79 6e 61 | 73 74 79 20 6f 66 20 55 |rd .dyna|sty of U|
|00001860| 72 20 28 63 2e 20 32 30 | 36 30 20 42 43 29 20 74 |r (c. 20|60 BC) t|
|00001870| 68 61 74 20 6c 61 73 74 | 65 64 20 75 6e 74 69 6c |hat last|ed until|
|00001880| 20 74 68 61 74 20 64 79 | 6e 61 73 74 79 20 66 65 | that dy|nasty fe|
|00001890| 6c 6c 20 74 6f 20 45 6c | 61 6d 2e 20 0d 46 69 6e |ll to El|am. .Fin|
|000018a0| 61 6c 6c 79 20 74 68 65 | 20 67 72 6f 77 74 68 20 |ally the| growth |
|000018b0| 6f 66 20 42 61 62 79 6c | 6f 6e 69 61 20 65 6e 64 |of Babyl|onia end|
|000018c0| 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 53 | 75 6d 65 72 69 61 6e 73 |ed the S|umerians|
|000018d0| 20 61 73 20 61 20 64 69 | 73 74 69 6e 63 74 20 6e | as a di|stinct n|
|000018e0| 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 0d | 20 09 00 03 20 1a 1a 1a |ation. .| ... ...|
|000018f0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00001900| 09 00 04 54 68 69 73 20 | 77 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 |...This |was the |
|00001910| 64 61 74 65 20 77 68 65 | 6e 20 4d 65 6e 65 73 20 |date whe|n Menes |
|00001920| 75 6e 69 66 69 65 64 20 | 74 68 65 20 55 70 70 65 |unified |the Uppe|
|00001930| 72 20 61 6e 64 20 4c 6f | 77 65 72 20 6b 69 6e 67 |r and Lo|wer king|
|00001940| 64 6f 6d 73 20 69 6e 20 | 74 6f 20 61 20 0d 63 6f |doms in |to a .co|
|00001950| 68 65 73 69 76 65 20 77 | 68 6f 6c 65 2e 20 20 49 |hesive w|hole. I|
|00001960| 74 20 77 61 73 20 6f 6e | 6c 79 20 61 66 74 65 72 |t was on|ly after|
|00001970| 20 74 68 69 73 20 74 68 | 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 70 | this th|at the p|
|00001980| 72 6f 67 72 65 73 73 20 | 66 6f 72 20 77 68 69 63 |rogress |for whic|
|00001990| 68 20 45 67 79 70 74 20 | 0d 77 61 73 20 6e 6f 74 |h Egypt |.was not|
|000019a0| 65 64 20 66 6f 72 20 63 | 6f 75 6c 64 20 6f 63 63 |ed for c|ould occ|
|000019b0| 75 72 2e 20 0d 20 0d 54 | 68 65 20 62 65 6c 6f 77 |ur. . .T|he below|
|000019c0| 20 74 61 62 6c 65 20 73 | 75 6d 6d 61 72 69 7a 65 | table s|ummarize|
|000019d0| 73 20 74 68 65 20 72 75 | 6c 69 6e 67 20 64 79 6e |s the ru|ling dyn|
|000019e0| 61 73 74 69 65 73 20 74 | 68 61 74 20 66 6f 6c 6c |asties t|hat foll|
|000019f0| 6f 77 65 64 20 4d 65 6e | 65 73 2c 20 0d 20 0d 54 |owed Men|es, . .T|
|00001a00| 69 6d 65 20 50 65 72 69 | 6f 64 3a 20 4f 6c 64 20 |ime Peri|od: Old |
|00001a10| 4b 69 6e 67 64 6f 6d 20 | 6f 72 20 6f 6c 64 20 65 |Kingdom |or old e|
|00001a20| 6d 70 69 72 65 20 0d 44 | 79 6e 61 73 74 79 20 20 |mpire .D|ynasty |
|00001a30| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 59 | 65 61 72 73 20 20 20 20 | Y|ears |
|00001a40| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 46 61 6d 6f 75 73 20 52 | |Famous R|
|00001a50| 75 6c 65 72 73 20 0d 49 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ulers .I| |
|00001a60| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 33 | 31 31 30 2d 32 38 38 34 | 3|110-2884|
|00001a70| 20 42 43 20 20 20 20 20 | 4d 65 6e 65 73 20 0d 49 | BC |Menes .I|
|00001a80| 49 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 |I | 2|
|00001a90| 38 38 34 2d 32 37 38 30 | 20 42 43 20 0d 49 49 49 |884-2780| BC .III|
|00001aa0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 32 37 38 | | 278|
|00001ab0| 30 2d 32 36 38 30 20 42 | 43 20 20 20 20 20 53 6e |0-2680 B|C Sn|
|00001ac0| 65 66 72 75 20 0d 49 56 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |efru .IV| |
|00001ad0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 36 | 38 30 2d 32 35 36 35 20 | 26|80-2565 |
|00001ae0| 42 43 20 20 20 20 20 4b | 48 55 46 55 20 28 43 68 |BC K|HUFU (Ch|
|00001af0| 65 6f 70 73 29 20 0d 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |eops) . | |
|00001b00| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001b10| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 4b 68 61 66 72 65 20 0d | |Khafre .|
|00001b20| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001b30| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001b40| 20 4d 65 6e 61 6b 75 72 | 65 20 0d 20 20 20 20 20 | Menakur|e . |
|00001b50| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001b60| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 4e 6f 74 65 | | Note|
|00001b70| 3a 54 68 69 73 20 77 61 | 73 20 74 68 65 20 41 67 |:This wa|s the Ag|
|00001b80| 65 20 6f 66 20 54 68 65 | 20 47 72 65 61 74 20 0d |e of The| Great .|
|00001b90| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001ba0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001bb0| 20 20 20 20 20 50 79 72 | 61 6d 69 64 73 20 0d 56 | Pyr|amids .V|
|00001bc0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 | | 2|
|00001bd0| 35 36 35 20 2d 20 32 34 | 32 30 20 42 43 20 0d 56 |565 - 24|20 BC .V|
|00001be0| 49 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 |I | 2|
|00001bf0| 34 32 30 20 2d 20 32 32 | 35 38 20 42 43 20 20 20 |420 - 22|58 BC |
|00001c00| 20 50 65 70 69 20 49 20 | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | Pepi I |. |
|00001c10| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001c20| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 50 65 70 69 20 49 49 | | Pepi II|
|00001c30| 20 0d 54 69 6d 65 20 50 | 65 72 69 6f 64 3a 20 46 | .Time P|eriod: F|
|00001c40| 69 72 73 74 20 49 6e 74 | 65 72 6d 65 64 69 61 74 |irst Int|ermediat|
|00001c50| 65 20 50 65 72 69 6f 64 | 20 0d 56 49 49 2c 56 49 |e Period| .VII,VI|
|00001c60| 49 49 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 32 32 35 38 20 2d |II | 2258 -|
|00001c70| 20 32 32 32 35 20 42 43 | 20 20 20 20 41 6e 20 4f | 2225 BC| An O|
|00001c80| 62 73 63 75 72 65 20 50 | 65 72 69 6f 64 20 0d 49 |bscure P|eriod .I|
|00001c90| 58 2c 58 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 |X,X | 2|
|00001ca0| 32 32 35 20 2d 20 32 31 | 33 34 20 42 43 20 20 20 |225 - 21|34 BC |
|00001cb0| 20 43 61 70 69 74 61 6c | 20 61 74 20 48 65 72 61 | Capital| at Hera|
|00001cc0| 63 6c 65 6f 70 6f 6c 69 | 73 20 0d 58 49 20 20 20 |cleopoli|s .XI |
|00001cd0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 32 31 33 34 20 | | 2134 |
|00001ce0| 2d 20 63 2e 32 30 30 30 | 20 42 43 20 20 43 61 70 |- c.2000| BC Cap|
|00001cf0| 69 74 61 6c 20 61 74 20 | 54 68 65 62 65 73 20 0d |ital at |Thebes .|
|00001d00| 54 69 6d 65 20 50 65 72 | 69 6f 64 3a 20 4d 69 64 |Time Per|iod: Mid|
|00001d10| 64 6c 65 20 4b 69 6e 67 | 64 6f 6d 20 6f 72 20 6d |dle King|dom or m|
|00001d20| 69 64 64 6c 65 20 65 6d | 70 69 72 65 20 0d 58 49 |iddle em|pire .XI|
|00001d30| 49 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 32 30 |I | 20|
|00001d40| 30 30 20 2d 20 31 37 38 | 36 20 42 43 20 20 20 20 |00 - 178|6 BC |
|00001d50| 41 4d 45 4e 45 4d 48 45 | 54 20 49 20 0d 20 20 20 |AMENEMHE|T I . |
|00001d60| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001d70| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 | | S|
|00001d80| 65 73 6f 73 74 72 69 73 | 20 49 20 0d 20 20 20 20 |esostris| I . |
|00001d90| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001da0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 6d | | Am|
|00001db0| 65 6e 65 6d 68 65 74 20 | 49 49 20 0d 20 20 20 20 |enemhet |II . |
|00001dc0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001dd0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 65 | | Se|
|00001de0| 73 6f 73 74 72 69 73 20 | 49 49 20 0d 20 20 20 20 |sostris |II . |
|00001df0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001e00| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 65 | | Se|
|00001e10| 73 6f 73 74 72 69 73 20 | 49 49 49 20 0d 20 20 20 |sostris |III . |
|00001e20| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001e30| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 | | A|
|00001e40| 6d 65 6e 65 6d 68 65 74 | 20 49 49 49 20 0d 20 20 |menemhet| III . |
|00001e50| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001e60| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001e70| 41 6d 65 6e 65 6d 68 65 | 74 20 49 56 20 0d 54 69 |Amenemhe|t IV .Ti|
|00001e80| 6d 65 20 50 65 72 69 6f | 64 3a 20 53 65 63 6f 6e |me Perio|d: Secon|
|00001e90| 64 20 49 6e 74 65 72 6d | 65 64 69 61 74 65 20 50 |d Interm|ediate P|
|00001ea0| 65 72 69 6f 64 20 0d 58 | 49 49 49 20 2d 20 58 56 |eriod .X|III - XV|
|00001eb0| 49 49 20 20 20 20 31 37 | 38 36 20 2d 20 31 35 37 |II 17|86 - 157|
|00001ec0| 20 42 43 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 54 68 65 20 48 79 6b | BC | The Hyk|
|00001ed0| 73 6f 73 20 2d 20 41 6e | 20 65 78 74 72 65 6d 65 |sos - An| extreme|
|00001ee0| 6c 79 20 6f 70 62 73 63 | 75 72 65 20 70 65 72 69 |ly opbsc|ure peri|
|00001ef0| 6f 64 20 0d 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |od . | |
|00001f00| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001f10| 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 6e | 20 45 67 79 70 74 69 61 | in| Egyptia|
|00001f20| 6e 20 48 69 73 74 6f 72 | 79 20 0d 54 69 6d 65 20 |n Histor|y .Time |
|00001f30| 50 65 72 69 6f 64 3a 20 | 4e 65 77 20 4b 69 6e 67 |Period: |New King|
|00001f40| 64 6f 6d 20 28 4e 65 77 | 20 45 6d 70 69 72 65 29 |dom (New| Empire)|
|00001f50| 20 0d 58 56 49 49 49 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | .XVIII | |
|00001f60| 20 31 35 37 30 20 2d 20 | 63 2e 31 33 34 32 20 42 | 1570 - |c.1342 B|
|00001f70| 43 20 20 20 41 6d 65 6e | 68 6f 74 65 70 20 49 20 |C Amen|hotep I |
|00001f80| 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. | |
|00001f90| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001fa0| 20 20 20 54 68 75 74 6d | 6f 73 65 20 49 20 0d 20 | Thutm|ose I . |
|00001fb0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001fc0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001fd0| 20 54 68 75 74 6d 6f 73 | 65 20 49 49 20 77 69 74 | Thutmos|e II wit|
|00001fe0| 68 20 48 61 74 73 68 65 | 70 73 68 75 74 20 0d 20 |h Hatshe|pshut . |
|00001ff0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002000| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002010| 20 54 68 75 74 6d 6f 73 | 65 20 49 49 49 20 0d 20 | Thutmos|e III . |
|00002020| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002030| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002040| 20 41 6d 65 6e 68 6f 74 | 65 70 20 49 49 20 0d 20 | Amenhot|ep II . |
|00002050| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002060| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002070| 20 54 68 75 74 6d 6f 73 | 65 20 49 56 20 0d 20 20 | Thutmos|e IV . |
|00002080| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002090| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000020a0| 41 6d 65 6e 68 6f 74 65 | 70 20 49 49 49 20 0d 20 |Amenhote|p III . |
|000020b0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000020c0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000020d0| 20 41 6d 65 6e 68 6f 74 | 65 70 20 49 56 20 28 49 | Amenhot|ep IV (I|
|000020e0| 4b 48 4e 41 54 4f 4e 29 | 20 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 |KHNATON)| . |
|000020f0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002100| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 54 75 74 61 | | Tuta|
|00002110| 6e 6b 68 61 6d 65 6e 20 | 0d 58 49 58 20 20 20 20 |nkhamen |.XIX |
|00002120| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 63 2e 31 33 34 32 20 2d | |c.1342 -|
|00002130| 20 31 32 30 30 20 42 43 | 20 20 20 48 6f 72 65 6d | 1200 BC| Horem|
|00002140| 68 65 62 20 0d 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |heb . | |
|00002150| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002160| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 52 | 61 6d 73 65 73 20 49 20 | R|amses I |
|00002170| 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. | |
|00002180| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002190| 20 20 20 53 65 74 69 20 | 49 20 0d 20 20 20 20 20 | Seti |I . |
|000021a0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000021b0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 52 61 6d | | Ram|
|000021c0| 73 65 73 20 49 49 20 0d | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ses II .| |
|000021d0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000021e0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 4d 65 72 6e 65 70 | | Mernep|
|000021f0| 74 61 68 20 0d 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |tah . | |
|00002200| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002210| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 | 65 74 69 20 49 49 20 0d | S|eti II .|
|00002220| 58 58 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 |XX | 1|
|00002230| 32 30 30 20 2d 20 31 30 | 38 35 20 42 43 20 20 20 |200 - 10|85 BC |
|00002240| 20 20 52 61 6d 73 65 73 | 20 49 49 49 20 77 69 74 | Ramses| III wit|
|00002250| 68 20 54 49 59 20 0d 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |h TIY . | |
|00002260| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002270| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 54 68 69 73 20 62 65 | | This be|
|00002280| 67 61 6e 20 74 68 65 20 | 64 65 63 6c 69 6e 65 20 |gan the |decline |
|00002290| 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 4e | 65 77 20 4b 69 6e 67 64 |of the N|ew Kingd|
|000022a0| 6f 6d 20 0d 58 58 49 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |om .XXI | |
|000022b0| 20 20 20 31 30 38 35 20 | 2d 20 39 34 35 20 42 43 | 1085 |- 945 BC|
|000022c0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 61 | 6e 69 74 65 20 44 79 6e | Ta|nite Dyn|
|000022d0| 61 73 74 79 20 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |asty . | |
|000022e0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000022f0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 43 61 70 69 74 61 6c 20 | |Capital |
|00002300| 61 74 20 54 61 6e 69 73 | 20 0d 58 58 49 49 20 20 |at Tanis| .XXII |
|00002310| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 39 34 35 20 2d 20 37 | | 945 - 7|
|00002320| 34 35 20 42 43 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 53 68 65 73 |45 BC | Shes|
|00002330| 68 6f 6e 6b 20 49 20 0d | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |honk I .| |
|00002340| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002350| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 4c 69 62 79 61 6e | | Libyan|
|00002360| 20 44 79 6e 61 73 74 79 | 20 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | Dynasty| . |
|00002370| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002380| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 43 61 70 69 | | Capi|
|00002390| 74 61 6c 20 61 74 20 42 | 75 62 61 73 74 69 73 20 |tal at B|ubastis |
|000023a0| 0d 58 58 49 49 49 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.XXIII | |
|000023b0| 37 34 35 20 2d 20 37 31 | 38 20 42 43 20 20 20 20 |745 - 71|8 BC |
|000023c0| 20 20 20 4e 75 62 69 61 | 6e 20 44 79 6e 61 73 74 | Nubia|n Dynast|
|000023d0| 79 20 77 69 74 68 20 69 | 6e 76 61 73 69 6f 6e 20 |y with i|nvasion |
|000023e0| 6f 66 20 50 69 61 6e 6b | 68 69 20 0d 20 20 20 20 |of Piank|hi . |
|000023f0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002400| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 61 | | Ca|
|00002410| 70 69 74 6f 6c 20 61 74 | 20 42 75 62 61 73 74 69 |pitol at| Bubasti|
|00002420| 73 20 0d 58 58 49 56 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |s .XXIV | |
|00002430| 20 20 37 31 38 20 2d 20 | 37 31 32 20 42 43 20 20 | 718 - |712 BC |
|00002440| 20 20 20 20 20 53 61 69 | 74 65 20 44 79 6e 61 73 | Sai|te Dynas|
|00002450| 74 79 20 0d 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ty . | |
|00002460| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002470| 20 20 20 20 20 20 43 61 | 70 69 74 6f 6c 20 61 74 | Ca|pitol at|
|00002480| 20 53 61 69 73 20 0d 58 | 58 56 20 20 20 20 20 20 | Sais .X|XV |
|00002490| 20 20 20 20 20 20 37 31 | 32 20 2d 20 36 36 33 20 | 71|2 - 663 |
|000024a0| 42 43 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 54 61 68 61 72 6b 61 |BC | Taharka|
|000024b0| 20 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | . | |
|000024c0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000024d0| 20 20 20 20 41 73 73 79 | 72 69 61 6e 20 69 6e 76 | Assy|rian inv|
|000024e0| 61 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 62 | 65 67 69 6e 20 66 6f 72 |asions b|egin for|
|000024f0| 65 69 67 6e 20 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |eign . | |
|00002500| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002510| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 64 6f 6d 69 6e 61 74 69 | |dominati|
|00002520| 6f 6e 20 0d 58 58 56 49 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |on .XXVI| |
|00002530| 20 20 20 36 36 33 20 2d | 20 35 32 35 20 42 43 20 | 663 -| 525 BC |
|00002540| 20 20 20 20 20 20 50 73 | 61 6d 74 69 6b 20 0d 20 | Ps|amtik . |
|00002550| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002560| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002570| 20 4e 65 63 68 6f 20 0d | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | Necho .| |
|00002580| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002590| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 41 70 72 69 65 73 | | Apries|
|000025a0| 20 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | . | |
|000025b0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000025c0| 20 20 20 20 41 6d 61 73 | 69 73 20 49 49 20 0d 20 | Amas|is II . |
|000025d0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000025e0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000025f0| 20 43 61 70 69 74 6f 6c | 20 61 74 20 53 61 69 73 | Capitol| at Sais|
|00002600| 20 0d 58 58 56 49 49 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | .XXVII | |
|00002610| 20 35 32 35 20 2d 20 34 | 30 35 20 42 43 20 20 20 | 525 - 4|05 BC |
|00002620| 20 20 20 20 41 63 68 61 | 65 6d 65 6e 69 64 73 20 | Acha|emenids |
|00002630| 6f 66 20 50 65 72 73 69 | 61 20 69 6e 20 63 6f 6e |of Persi|a in con|
|00002640| 74 72 6f 6c 20 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |trol . | |
|00002650| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002660| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 43 61 6d 62 79 73 65 73 | |Cambyses|
|00002670| 20 49 49 20 74 6f 20 44 | 61 72 69 75 73 20 49 49 | II to D|arius II|
|00002680| 20 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | . | |
|00002690| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000026a0| 20 20 20 20 45 67 79 70 | 74 20 52 65 76 6f 6c 74 | Egyp|t Revolt|
|000026b0| 73 20 0d 58 58 56 49 49 | 49 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |s .XXVII|I |
|000026c0| 20 20 34 30 35 20 2d 20 | 33 33 32 20 42 43 20 20 | 405 - |332 BC |
|000026d0| 20 20 20 20 20 4e 65 6b | 68 74 6e 65 62 66 20 49 | Nek|htnebf I|
|000026e0| 20 0d 58 58 49 58 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | .XXIX | |
|000026f0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002700| 20 20 20 20 4e 65 6b 68 | 74 65 6e 65 62 66 20 49 | Nekh|tenebf I|
|00002710| 49 20 0d 58 58 58 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |I .XXX | |
|00002720| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002730| 20 20 20 20 20 4c 61 73 | 74 20 6e 61 74 69 76 65 | Las|t native|
|00002740| 20 64 79 6e 61 73 74 69 | 65 73 20 65 6e 64 69 6e | dynasti|es endin|
|00002750| 67 20 77 69 74 68 20 63 | 6f 6e 71 75 65 73 74 20 |g with c|onquest |
|00002760| 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. | |
|00002770| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002780| 20 20 20 6f 66 20 41 6c | 65 78 61 6e 64 65 72 20 | of Al|exander |
|00002790| 74 68 65 20 47 72 65 61 | 74 20 0d 20 20 20 20 20 |the Grea|t . |
|000027a0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000027b0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 43 61 70 | | Cap|
|000027c0| 69 74 61 6c 20 61 74 20 | 53 61 69 73 2c 20 74 68 |ital at |Sais, th|
|000027d0| 65 6e 20 4d 65 6e 64 65 | 73 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 |en Mende|s, then |
|000027e0| 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. | |
|000027f0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002800| 20 20 20 53 65 62 65 6e | 6e 79 74 6f 73 20 0d 20 | Seben|nytos . |
|00002810| 0d 20 0d 20 0d 20 09 00 | 04 20 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |. . . ..|. ......|
|00002820| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002830| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002840| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002850| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002860| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002870| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002880| 09 00 05 43 72 65 74 65 | 20 77 61 73 20 74 68 65 |...Crete| was the|
|00002890| 20 68 6f 6d 65 20 74 6f | 20 74 68 65 20 4d 69 6e | home to| the Min|
|000028a0| 6f 61 6e 20 63 69 76 69 | 6c 69 7a 61 74 69 6f 6e |oan civi|lization|
|000028b0| 2e 20 20 41 6c 74 68 6f | 75 67 68 20 74 68 69 73 |. Altho|ugh this|
|000028c0| 20 63 69 76 69 6c 69 7a | 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 0d 70 | civiliz|ation .p|
|000028d0| 65 61 6b 65 64 20 63 2e | 31 36 30 30 20 42 43 2c |eaked c.|1600 BC,|
|000028e0| 20 69 74 20 73 74 69 6c | 6c 20 72 65 6d 61 69 6e | it stil|l remain|
|000028f0| 65 64 20 61 63 74 69 76 | 65 20 61 73 20 61 20 63 |ed activ|e as a c|
|00002900| 65 6e 74 65 72 20 66 6f | 72 20 74 72 61 64 69 6e |enter fo|r tradin|
|00002910| 67 2e 20 20 44 65 73 70 | 74 69 65 20 0d 74 68 69 |g. Desp|tie .thi|
|00002920| 73 2c 20 63 72 65 74 65 | 20 6e 65 76 65 72 20 69 |s, crete| never i|
|00002930| 6e 74 65 72 66 65 72 65 | 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 |nterfere|d with t|
|00002940| 68 65 20 6e 65 61 72 62 | 79 20 61 6e 64 20 63 75 |he nearb|y and cu|
|00002950| 6c 74 75 72 61 6c 6c 79 | 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 69 6d |lturally| more im|
|00002960| 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 20 | 0d 63 69 76 69 6c 69 7a |portant |.civiliz|
|00002970| 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 | 20 47 72 65 65 63 65 2e |ation of| Greece.|
|00002980| 20 20 43 72 65 74 65 20 | 77 61 73 20 65 76 65 6e | Crete |was even|
|00002990| 74 75 61 6c 6c 20 63 6f | 6e 71 75 65 72 65 64 20 |tuall co|nquered |
|000029a0| 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 52 | 6f 6d 61 6e 73 20 69 6e |by the R|omans in|
|000029b0| 20 0d 36 38 2f 36 37 20 | 42 43 2e 20 09 00 05 20 | .68/67 |BC. ... |
|000029c0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000029d0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000029e0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000029f0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002a00| 09 00 06 54 68 65 20 4d | 79 63 65 6e 61 65 6e 73 |...The M|ycenaens|
|00002a10| 20 77 65 72 65 20 61 6e | 20 61 6e 63 69 65 6e 74 | were an| ancient|
|00002a20| 20 41 65 67 65 61 6e 20 | 63 69 76 69 6c 69 7a 61 | Aegean |civiliza|
|00002a30| 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 68 61 | 74 20 77 65 72 65 20 64 |tion tha|t were d|
|00002a40| 69 73 63 6f 76 65 72 65 | 64 20 0d 74 68 72 6f 75 |iscovere|d .throu|
|00002a50| 67 68 20 65 78 63 61 76 | 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 |gh excav|ations a|
|00002a60| 74 20 4d 79 63 65 6e 61 | 65 2e 20 20 54 68 65 79 |t Mycena|e. They|
|00002a70| 20 77 65 72 65 20 61 6e | 20 49 6e 64 6f 2d 45 75 | were an| Indo-Eu|
|00002a80| 72 6f 70 65 61 6e 20 72 | 61 63 65 20 74 68 61 74 |ropean r|ace that|
|00002a90| 20 0d 65 6e 74 65 72 65 | 64 20 47 72 65 65 63 65 | .entere|d Greece|
|00002aa0| 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 | 65 20 6e 6f 72 74 68 20 | from th|e north |
|00002ab0| 63 2e 32 30 30 30 20 42 | 43 2e 20 20 54 68 65 79 |c.2000 B|C. They|
|00002ac0| 20 62 72 6f 75 67 68 74 | 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 | brought| with th|
|00002ad0| 65 6d 20 61 64 76 61 6e | 63 65 20 61 72 74 20 0d |em advan|ce art .|
|00002ae0| 61 6e 64 20 61 72 63 68 | 69 74 65 63 74 75 72 65 |and arch|itecture|
|00002af0| 2e 20 20 42 79 20 31 36 | 30 30 20 42 43 2c 20 63 |. By 16|00 BC, c|
|00002b00| 6f 6e 74 61 63 74 20 77 | 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 |ontact w|ith the |
|00002b10| 4d 69 6e 6f 61 6e 73 20 | 28 50 6f 69 6e 74 20 4c |Minoans |(Point L|
|00002b20| 69 6e 6b 20 74 6f 20 63 | 72 65 74 65 20 0d 68 65 |ink to c|rete .he|
|00002b30| 72 65 29 20 20 68 61 64 | 20 61 64 76 61 6e 63 65 |re) had| advance|
|00002b40| 64 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 | 63 75 6c 74 75 72 65 20 |d their |culture |
|00002b50| 73 6f 20 74 68 61 74 20 | 4d 79 63 65 6e 61 65 20 |so that |Mycenae |
|00002b60| 68 61 64 20 62 65 63 6f | 6d 65 20 61 20 6d 61 6a |had beco|me a maj|
|00002b70| 6f 72 20 63 65 6e 74 65 | 72 20 0d 66 6f 72 20 74 |or cente|r .for t|
|00002b80| 68 65 20 61 6e 63 69 65 | 6e 74 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 |he ancie|nt world|
|00002b90| 2e 20 20 54 68 65 79 20 | 61 6c 73 6f 20 62 65 67 |. They |also beg|
|00002ba0| 61 6e 20 63 6f 6d 70 65 | 74 69 6e 67 20 77 69 74 |an compe|ting wit|
|00002bb0| 68 20 43 72 65 74 65 20 | 66 6f 72 20 6d 61 72 69 |h Crete |for mari|
|00002bc0| 74 69 6d 65 20 0d 63 6f | 6e 74 72 6f 6c 20 6f 66 |time .co|ntrol of|
|00002bd0| 20 74 68 65 20 4d 65 64 | 69 74 65 72 72 61 6e 65 | the Med|iterrane|
|00002be0| 61 6e 2e 20 20 41 66 74 | 65 72 20 43 4e 4f 53 53 |an. Aft|er CNOSS|
|00002bf0| 4f 53 20 77 61 73 20 64 | 65 73 74 72 6f 79 65 64 |OS was d|estroyed|
|00002c00| 20 28 63 2e 20 31 34 30 | 30 20 42 43 29 20 0d 4d | (c. 140|0 BC) .M|
|00002c10| 79 63 65 6e 61 65 20 61 | 63 68 69 65 76 65 64 20 |ycenae a|chieved |
|00002c20| 69 74 73 20 73 75 70 72 | 65 6d 61 63 79 2c 20 61 |its supr|emacy, a|
|00002c30| 6e 64 20 6d 75 63 68 20 | 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 77 |nd much |in the w|
|00002c40| 61 79 20 6f 66 20 6d 69 | 6e 6f 61 6e 20 63 75 6c |ay of mi|noan cul|
|00002c50| 74 75 72 61 6c 20 0d 74 | 72 61 64 69 74 69 6f 6e |tural .t|radition|
|00002c60| 73 20 77 65 72 65 20 74 | 72 61 6e 73 66 65 72 72 |s were t|ransferr|
|00002c70| 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 68 | 65 20 6d 61 69 6e 6c 61 |ed to th|e mainla|
|00002c80| 6e 64 2e 20 20 44 6f 72 | 69 61 6e 20 69 6e 76 61 |nd. Dor|ian inva|
|00002c90| 73 69 6f 6e 20 28 63 2e | 31 31 30 30 20 42 43 29 |sion (c.|1100 BC)|
|00002ca0| 20 0d 62 72 6f 75 67 68 | 74 20 69 6e 20 61 20 64 | .brough|t in a d|
|00002cb0| 65 63 6c 69 6e 69 6e 67 | 20 70 65 72 69 6f 64 2c |eclining| period,|
|00002cc0| 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 62 | 79 20 39 30 30 20 42 43 | which b|y 900 BC|
|00002cd0| 20 63 75 6c 6d 69 6e 61 | 74 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 | culmina|ted in t|
|00002ce0| 68 65 20 63 65 6e 74 65 | 72 73 20 6f 66 20 0d 00 |he cente|rs of ..|
|00002cf0| 00 3f 77 65 61 6c 74 68 | 20 61 6e 64 20 63 75 6c |.?wealth| and cul|
|00002d00| 74 75 72 65 20 69 6e 20 | 74 68 65 20 4d 65 64 69 |ture in |the Medi|
|00002d10| 74 65 72 72 61 6e 65 61 | 6e 20 73 68 69 66 74 69 |terranea|n shifti|
|00002d20| 6e 67 20 65 6c 73 65 77 | 68 65 72 09 00 06 08 20 |ng elsew|her.... |
|00002d30| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002d40| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002d50| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002d60| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002d70| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002d80| 09 00 07 47 72 65 65 63 | 65 20 67 6f 65 73 20 68 |...Greec|e goes h|
|00002d90| 65 72 65 20 20 09 00 07 | 20 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |ere ...| .......|
|00002da0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002db0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002dc0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002dd0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002de0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002df0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002e00| 09 00 08 20 0d 20 0d 20 | 0d 20 0d 0f 08 52 4f 4d |... . . |. ...ROM|
|00002e10| 45 2d 31 20 20 ff 20 0d | 20 09 00 08 20 1a 1a 1a |E-1 . .| ... ...|
|00002e20| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002e30| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002e40| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002e50| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002e60| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002e70| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002e80| 09 00 09 43 70 6f 6c 6c | 61 70 73 65 20 6f 66 20 |...Cpoll|apse of |
|00002e90| 72 6f 6d 61 6e 20 65 6d | 70 69 72 65 20 20 09 00 |roman em|pire ..|
|00002ea0| 09 20 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |. ......|........|
|00002eb0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002ec0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002ed0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002ee0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002ef0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00002f00| 09 00 0a 54 68 69 73 20 | 64 61 74 65 20 6d 61 72 |...This |date mar|
|00002f10| 6b 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 | 64 65 61 74 68 20 6f 66 |ked the |death of|
|00002f20| 20 4a 65 73 75 73 2c 20 | 74 68 65 20 61 6c 6c 65 | Jesus, |the alle|
|00002f30| 67 65 64 20 73 6f 6e 20 | 6f 66 20 67 6f 64 2e 20 |ged son |of god. |
|00002f40| 20 4a 65 73 75 73 20 4f | 66 20 0d 4e 61 7a 61 72 | Jesus O|f .Nazar|
|00002f50| 65 74 68 20 63 6c 61 69 | 6d 65 64 20 74 6f 20 62 |eth clai|med to b|
|00002f60| 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 6f | 6e 20 6f 66 20 67 6f 64 |e the so|n of god|
|00002f70| 2e 20 20 53 75 70 70 6f | 73 65 64 6c 79 20 68 65 |. Suppo|sedly he|
|00002f80| 20 77 61 73 20 67 6f 64 | 20 6d 61 64 65 20 6d 61 | was god| made ma|
|00002f90| 6e 2c 20 0d 77 68 6f 6c | 6c 79 20 64 69 76 69 6e |n, .whol|ly divin|
|00002fa0| 65 20 61 6e 64 20 77 68 | 6f 6c 6c 79 20 68 75 6d |e and wh|olly hum|
|00002fb0| 61 6e 2c 20 62 6f 72 6e | 20 74 6f 20 68 69 73 20 |an, born| to his |
|00002fc0| 6d 6f 74 68 65 72 20 4d | 61 72 79 20 61 20 76 69 |mother M|ary a vi|
|00002fd0| 72 67 69 6e 2c 20 61 6e | 64 20 74 68 65 6e 20 0d |rgin, an|d then .|
|00002fe0| 64 69 65 64 20 74 6f 20 | 61 74 6f 6e 65 20 66 6f |died to |atone fo|
|00002ff0| 72 20 6d 61 6e 6b 69 6e | 64 27 73 20 73 69 6e 73 |r mankin|d's sins|
|00003000| 2e 20 20 57 68 65 74 68 | 65 72 20 6f 72 20 6e 6f |. Wheth|er or no|
|00003010| 74 20 4a 65 73 75 73 20 | 77 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 |t Jesus |was the |
|00003020| 73 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 67 | 6f 64 20 0d 69 73 20 75 |son of g|od .is u|
|00003030| 6e 6b 6e 6f 77 6e 2c 20 | 62 75 74 20 69 74 20 68 |nknown, |but it h|
|00003040| 61 73 20 62 65 65 6e 20 | 62 61 73 69 63 61 6c 6c |as been |basicall|
|00003050| 79 20 70 72 6f 76 65 6e | 20 74 68 61 74 20 68 65 |y proven| that he|
|00003060| 20 64 69 64 20 65 78 69 | 73 74 2e 20 20 57 68 65 | did exi|st. Whe|
|00003070| 6e 20 4a 65 73 75 73 20 | 0d 62 65 63 61 6d 65 20 |n Jesus |.became |
|00003080| 74 68 69 72 74 79 2c 20 | 68 65 20 74 75 72 6e 65 |thirty, |he turne|
|00003090| 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 63 | 61 72 70 65 6e 74 72 79 |d from c|arpentry|
|000030a0| 20 74 6f 20 61 20 74 68 | 72 65 65 20 79 65 61 72 | to a th|ree year|
|000030b0| 20 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e | 20 6f 66 20 70 72 65 61 | mission| of prea|
|000030c0| 63 68 69 6e 67 20 0d 74 | 68 61 74 20 63 75 6c 6d |ching .t|hat culm|
|000030d0| 69 6e 61 74 65 64 20 69 | 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 64 |inated i|n this d|
|000030e0| 65 61 74 68 2e 20 20 54 | 68 65 20 72 6f 6d 61 6e |eath. T|he roman|
|000030f0| 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 | 69 72 20 70 65 72 73 65 |s in the|ir perse|
|00003100| 63 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 | 67 61 69 6e 73 74 20 0d |cution a|gainst .|
|00003110| 63 68 72 69 73 74 69 61 | 6e 69 74 79 20 70 61 69 |christia|nity pai|
|00003120| 64 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 | 20 4a 65 73 75 73 27 20 |d one of| Jesus' |
|00003130| 63 6f 6d 70 61 6e 69 6f | 6e 73 20 28 4a 75 64 61 |companio|ns (Juda|
|00003140| 73 20 69 73 63 61 72 69 | 6f 74 29 20 74 6f 20 62 |s iscari|ot) to b|
|00003150| 65 74 72 61 79 20 68 69 | 6d 2e 20 0d 68 65 20 64 |etray hi|m. .he d|
|00003160| 69 64 20 73 6f 20 61 6e | 64 20 4a 65 73 75 73 20 |id so an|d Jesus |
|00003170| 77 61 73 20 63 72 75 63 | 69 66 69 65 64 20 62 79 |was cruc|ified by|
|00003180| 20 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6d | 61 6e 73 2e 20 20 4f 6e | the rom|ans. On|
|00003190| 20 74 68 65 20 74 68 69 | 72 64 20 64 61 79 20 61 | the thi|rd day a|
|000031a0| 66 74 65 72 20 68 69 73 | 20 0d 64 65 61 74 68 2c |fter his| .death,|
|000031b0| 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 73 | 61 69 64 20 68 69 73 20 | it is s|aid his |
|000031c0| 74 6f 6d 62 20 77 61 73 | 20 64 69 73 63 6f 76 65 |tomb was| discove|
|000031d0| 72 65 64 20 65 6d 70 74 | 79 20 65 78 63 65 70 74 |red empt|y except|
|000031e0| 20 66 6f 72 20 61 6e 20 | 61 6e 67 65 6c 20 77 68 | for an |angel wh|
|000031f0| 6f 20 0d 63 6c 61 69 6d | 65 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 |o .claim|ed that |
|00003200| 4a 65 73 75 73 20 68 61 | 64 20 72 69 73 65 6e 20 |Jesus ha|d risen |
|00003210| 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 | 20 64 65 61 64 20 74 6f |from the| dead to|
|00003220| 20 61 73 63 65 6e 64 20 | 74 6f 20 68 65 61 76 65 | ascend |to heave|
|00003230| 6e 2e 20 20 57 68 61 74 | 20 65 76 65 72 20 0d 79 |n. What| ever .y|
|00003240| 6f 75 72 20 62 65 6c 69 | 65 66 73 20 6f 6e 20 4a |our beli|efs on J|
|00003250| 65 73 75 73 20 61 72 65 | 2c 20 68 69 73 20 69 6e |esus are|, his in|
|00003260| 66 6c 75 65 6e 63 65 20 | 74 6f 20 74 68 69 73 20 |fluence |to this |
|00003270| 64 61 79 20 63 61 6e 6e | 6f 74 20 62 65 20 64 69 |day cann|ot be di|
|00003280| 73 70 75 74 65 64 2e 20 | 0d 20 09 00 0a 20 1a 1a |sputed. |. ... ..|
|00003290| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000032a0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000032b0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000032c0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000032d0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000032e0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000032f0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00003300| 09 00 0b 49 6e 20 33 30 | 30 20 41 44 20 74 68 65 |...In 30|0 AD the|
|00003310| 20 4d 61 79 61 6e 20 63 | 69 76 69 6c 69 7a 61 74 | Mayan c|ivilizat|
|00003320| 69 6f 6e 20 69 6e 20 53 | 6f 75 74 68 20 41 6d 65 |ion in S|outh Ame|
|00003330| 72 69 63 61 20 73 74 61 | 72 74 65 64 20 61 6e 20 |rica sta|rted an |
|00003340| 61 73 63 65 6e 74 20 74 | 6f 20 74 68 65 20 0d 70 |ascent t|o the .p|
|00003350| 72 6f 67 72 65 73 73 20 | 74 68 61 74 20 69 74 20 |rogress |that it |
|00003360| 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 65 64 | 20 66 6f 72 2e 20 20 54 |is noted| for. T|
|00003370| 68 65 20 4d 61 79 61 6e | 73 20 68 61 64 20 61 6e |he Mayan|s had an|
|00003380| 20 69 6e 63 72 65 64 69 | 62 6c 65 20 63 75 6c 74 | incredi|ble cult|
|00003390| 75 72 65 20 74 68 61 74 | 20 0d 77 61 73 20 73 74 |ure that| .was st|
|000033a0| 75 64 64 65 64 20 77 69 | 74 68 20 69 6e 74 65 6c |udded wi|th intel|
|000033b0| 6c 65 63 74 75 61 6c 20 | 61 63 68 69 65 76 65 6d |lectual |achievem|
|000033c0| 65 6e 74 73 2e 20 20 54 | 68 65 79 20 77 65 72 65 |ents. T|hey were|
|000033d0| 20 6d 61 73 74 65 72 73 | 20 6f 66 20 61 62 73 74 | masters| of abst|
|000033e0| 72 61 63 74 20 0d 6b 6e | 6f 77 6c 65 64 67 65 2c |ract .kn|owledge,|
|000033f0| 20 64 65 76 65 6c 6f 70 | 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 | develop|ing the |
|00003400| 6f 6e 6c 79 20 6f 72 69 | 67 69 6e 61 6c 20 73 79 |only ori|ginal sy|
|00003410| 73 74 65 6d 20 6f 66 20 | 69 64 65 6f 67 72 61 70 |stem of |ideograp|
|00003420| 68 69 63 20 77 72 69 74 | 69 6e 67 2e 20 20 54 68 |hic writ|ing. Th|
|00003430| 65 79 20 0d 75 73 65 64 | 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 77 |ey .used| their w|
|00003440| 72 69 74 74 65 6e 20 6c | 61 6e 67 75 61 67 65 20 |ritten l|anguage |
|00003450| 74 6f 20 72 65 63 6f 72 | 64 20 63 68 72 6f 6e 6f |to recor|d chrono|
|00003460| 6c 6f 67 79 2c 20 61 73 | 74 72 6f 6e 6f 6d 79 2c |logy, as|tronomy,|
|00003470| 20 68 69 73 74 6f 72 79 | 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 0d 72 | history|, and .r|
|00003480| 65 6c 69 67 69 6f 6e 2e | 20 20 54 68 65 69 72 20 |eligion.| Their |
|00003490| 6d 61 74 68 65 6d 61 74 | 69 63 61 6c 20 6b 6e 6f |mathemat|ical kno|
|000034a0| 77 6c 65 64 67 65 20 77 | 61 73 20 75 6e 65 71 75 |wledge w|as unequ|
|000034b0| 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 69 6e | 20 45 75 72 6f 70 65 20 |alled in| Europe |
|000034c0| 66 6f 72 20 0d 63 65 6e | 74 75 72 69 65 73 2e 20 |for .cen|turies. |
|000034d0| 20 54 68 65 79 20 75 73 | 65 64 20 61 20 33 36 35 | They us|ed a 365|
|000034e0| 20 64 61 79 20 63 61 6c | 65 6e 64 65 72 20 74 68 | day cal|ender th|
|000034f0| 61 74 20 77 61 73 20 73 | 75 62 64 69 76 69 64 65 |at was s|ubdivide|
|00003500| 64 20 61 73 20 74 6f 20 | 62 65 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 |d as to |be more |
|00003510| 0d 61 63 63 75 72 61 74 | 65 20 74 68 61 6e 20 74 |.accurat|e than t|
|00003520| 68 65 20 67 72 65 67 6f | 72 69 61 6e 20 63 61 6c |he grego|rian cal|
|00003530| 65 6e 64 65 72 2e 20 09 | 00 0b 20 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |ender. .|.. .....|
|00003540| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00003550| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00003560| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00003570| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00003580| 09 00 0c 54 68 65 20 42 | 79 7a 61 6e 74 69 6e 65 |...The B|yzantine|
|00003590| 20 65 6d 70 69 72 65 20 | 77 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 | empire |was the |
|000035a0| 73 75 63 63 65 73 73 6f | 72 20 73 74 61 74 65 20 |successo|r state |
|000035b0| 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 52 | 6f 6d 61 6e 20 45 6d 70 |to the R|oman Emp|
|000035c0| 69 72 65 2c 20 61 6c 73 | 6f 20 0d 63 61 6c 6c 65 |ire, als|o .calle|
|000035d0| 64 20 74 68 65 20 45 61 | 73 74 65 72 6e 20 6f 72 |d the Ea|stern or|
|000035e0| 20 45 61 73 74 20 52 6f | 6d 61 6e 20 45 6d 70 69 | East Ro|man Empi|
|000035f0| 72 65 2e 20 20 49 74 20 | 77 61 73 20 6e 61 6d 65 |re. It |was name|
|00003600| 64 20 66 6f 72 20 41 6e | 63 69 65 6e 74 20 42 79 |d for An|cient By|
|00003610| 7a 61 6e 74 69 75 6d 20 | 0d 77 68 69 63 68 20 43 |zantium |.which C|
|00003620| 6f 6e 73 74 61 6e 74 69 | 6e 65 20 49 20 72 65 62 |onstanti|ne I reb|
|00003630| 75 69 6c 74 20 69 6e 20 | 33 33 30 20 41 44 20 61 |uilt in |330 AD a|
|00003640| 73 20 68 69 73 20 63 61 | 70 69 74 6f 6c 2c 20 43 |s his ca|pitol, C|
|00003650| 6f 6e 73 74 61 6e 74 69 | 6e 6f 70 6c 65 2e 20 20 |onstanti|nople. |
|00003660| 49 6e 20 0d 33 39 35 20 | 41 64 20 74 68 65 20 52 |In .395 |Ad the R|
|00003670| 6f 6d 61 6e 20 45 6d 70 | 69 72 65 20 73 70 6c 69 |oman Emp|ire spli|
|00003680| 74 20 70 65 72 6d 61 6e | 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 69 6e |t perman|ently in|
|00003690| 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 45 | 61 73 74 20 61 6e 64 20 |to the E|ast and |
|000036a0| 57 65 73 74 65 72 6e 20 | 65 6d 70 69 72 65 73 2e |Western |empires.|
|000036b0| 20 0d 41 66 74 65 72 20 | 74 68 65 20 57 65 73 74 | .After |the West|
|000036c0| 65 72 6e 20 45 6d 70 69 | 72 65 20 46 65 6c 6c 20 |ern Empi|re Fell |
|000036d0| 28 34 37 36 29 2c 20 74 | 68 65 20 45 61 73 74 20 |(476), t|he East |
|000036e0| 63 6c 61 69 6d 65 64 20 | 6d 61 73 74 65 72 79 20 |claimed |mastery |
|000036f0| 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 65 | 6e 74 69 72 65 20 0d 52 |of the e|ntire .R|
|00003700| 6f 6d 61 6e 20 45 6d 70 | 69 72 65 2e 20 20 54 68 |oman Emp|ire. Th|
|00003710| 65 20 62 6f 75 6e 64 61 | 72 69 65 73 20 6f 66 20 |e bounda|ries of |
|00003720| 74 68 65 20 62 79 7a 61 | 6e 74 69 6e 65 20 65 6d |the byza|ntine em|
|00003730| 70 69 72 65 20 73 68 69 | 66 74 65 64 2c 20 62 75 |pire shi|fted, bu|
|00003740| 74 20 69 74 73 20 63 6f | 72 65 20 0d 77 61 73 20 |t its co|re .was |
|00003750| 41 73 69 61 20 4d 69 6e | 6f 72 20 61 6e 64 20 74 |Asia Min|or and t|
|00003760| 68 65 20 53 2e 20 42 61 | 6c 6b 61 6e 20 50 65 6e |he S. Ba|lkan Pen|
|00003770| 69 6e 73 75 6c 61 2e 20 | 20 54 68 65 20 65 6d 70 |insula. | The emp|
|00003780| 69 72 65 20 61 63 74 75 | 61 6c 6c 79 20 66 65 6c |ire actu|ally fel|
|00003790| 6c 20 69 6e 20 0d 31 34 | 35 33 20 74 6f 20 4d 75 |l in .14|53 to Mu|
|000037a0| 68 61 6d 6d 61 64 20 49 | 49 2e 20 0d 20 09 00 0c |hammad I|I. . ...|
|000037b0| 20 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | .......|........|
|000037c0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000037d0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000037e0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000037f0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00003800| 09 00 0d 43 68 61 72 6c | 65 6d 61 67 6e 65 20 6c |...Charl|emagne l|
|00003810| 69 76 65 64 20 66 72 6f | 6d 20 37 34 32 20 2d 20 |ived fro|m 742 - |
|00003820| 38 31 34 2c 20 68 65 20 | 77 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 |814, he |was the |
|00003830| 65 6d 70 65 72 6f 72 20 | 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 57 |emperor |of the W|
|00003840| 65 73 74 20 66 72 6f 6d | 20 38 30 30 20 2d 20 0d |est from| 800 - .|
|00003850| 38 31 34 2c 20 61 6e 64 | 20 74 68 65 20 43 61 72 |814, and| the Car|
|00003860| 6f 6c 69 61 6e 20 6b 69 | 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |olian ki|ng of th|
|00003870| 65 20 66 72 61 6e 6b 73 | 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 37 36 |e franks| from 76|
|00003880| 38 20 2d 20 38 31 34 2e | 20 20 48 65 20 77 61 73 |8 - 814.| He was|
|00003890| 20 74 68 65 20 73 6f 6e | 20 6f 66 20 0d 50 65 70 | the son| of .Pep|
|000038a0| 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 53 | 68 6f 72 74 2e 20 20 41 |in the S|hort. A|
|000038b0| 66 74 65 72 20 63 6f 6e | 73 6f 6c 69 64 61 74 69 |fter con|solidati|
|000038c0| 6e 67 20 72 75 6c 65 20 | 69 6e 20 68 69 73 20 6e |ng rule |in his n|
|000038d0| 61 74 69 76 65 20 6b 69 | 6e 67 64 6f 6d 2c 20 68 |ative ki|ngdom, h|
|000038e0| 65 20 69 6e 76 61 64 65 | 64 20 0d 49 74 61 6c 79 |e invade|d .Italy|
|000038f0| 20 69 6e 20 73 75 70 70 | 6f 72 74 20 6f 66 20 74 | in supp|ort of t|
|00003900| 68 65 20 50 6f 70 65 2c | 20 61 6e 64 20 77 61 73 |he Pope,| and was|
|00003910| 20 63 72 6f 77 6e 65 64 | 20 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 | crowned| king of|
|00003920| 20 74 68 65 20 4c 6f 6d | 62 61 72 64 73 20 28 37 | the Lom|bards (7|
|00003930| 37 34 29 2e 20 0d 48 65 | 20 74 6f 6f 6b 20 4e 45 |74). .He| took NE|
|00003940| 20 53 70 61 69 6e 20 66 | 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 | Spain f|rom the |
|00003950| 4d 6f 6f 72 73 20 28 37 | 37 38 29 20 61 6e 64 20 |Moors (7|78) and |
|00003960| 61 6e 6e 65 78 65 64 20 | 42 61 76 61 72 69 61 20 |annexed |Bavaria |
|00003970| 28 37 38 38 29 2e 20 20 | 41 66 74 65 72 20 61 20 |(788). |After a |
|00003980| 0d 6c 6f 6e 67 20 61 6e | 64 20 61 72 64 6f 75 73 |.long an|d ardous|
|00003990| 20 73 74 72 75 67 67 6c | 65 2c 20 68 65 20 73 75 | struggl|e, he su|
|000039a0| 62 6a 75 67 61 74 65 64 | 20 61 6e 64 20 63 68 72 |bjugated| and chr|
|000039b0| 69 73 74 69 61 6e 69 7a | 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 53 |istianiz|ed the S|
|000039c0| 61 78 6f 6e 73 2e 20 20 | 49 6e 20 0d 38 30 30 20 |axons. |In .800 |
|000039d0| 68 65 20 72 65 73 74 6f | 72 65 64 20 4c 65 6f 20 |he resto|red Leo |
|000039e0| 49 49 20 74 6f 20 74 68 | 65 20 50 61 70 61 63 79 |II to th|e Papacy|
|000039f0| 20 61 6e 64 20 77 61 73 | 20 69 6e 20 74 75 72 6e | and was| in turn|
|00003a00| 20 63 72 6f 77 6e 65 64 | 20 65 6d 70 65 72 6f 72 | crowned| emperor|
|00003a10| 20 62 79 20 68 69 6d 20 | 0d 6f 6e 20 43 68 72 69 | by him |.on Chri|
|00003a20| 73 74 69 6d 61 73 20 44 | 61 79 2e 20 20 54 68 69 |stimas D|ay. Thi|
|00003a30| 73 20 6c 61 69 64 20 74 | 68 65 20 62 61 73 69 73 |s laid t|he basis|
|00003a40| 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 | 20 48 6f 6c 79 20 52 6f | for the| Holy Ro|
|00003a50| 6d 61 6e 20 45 6d 70 69 | 72 65 2c 20 0d 66 69 6e |man Empi|re, .fin|
|00003a60| 61 6c 69 7a 69 6e 67 20 | 74 68 65 20 73 70 6c 69 |alizing |the spli|
|00003a70| 74 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 | 6e 20 74 68 65 20 42 79 |t betwee|n the By|
|00003a80| 7a 61 6e 74 69 6e 65 20 | 61 6e 64 20 52 6f 6d 61 |zantine |and Roma|
|00003a90| 6e 20 65 6d 70 69 72 65 | 73 2e 20 20 43 68 61 72 |n empire|s. Char|
|00003aa0| 2e 20 72 69 75 6c 65 64 | 20 0d 65 78 74 72 65 65 |. riuled| .extree|
|00003ab0| 6d 79 6c 20 77 65 6c 6c | 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 |myl well| through|
|00003ac0| 20 61 20 68 69 67 68 6c | 79 20 65 66 66 69 63 69 | a highl|y effici|
|00003ad0| 65 6e 74 20 61 64 6d 69 | 6e 69 73 74 72 61 74 69 |ent admi|nistrati|
|00003ae0| 76 65 20 73 79 73 74 65 | 6d 2e 20 20 4a 48 65 20 |ve syste|m. JHe |
|00003af0| 0d 63 6f 64 69 66 69 65 | 64 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 |.codifie|d the la|
|00003b00| 77 73 20 69 6e 20 68 69 | 73 20 76 61 72 69 6f 75 |ws in hi|s variou|
|00003b10| 73 20 64 6f 6d 69 6e 69 | 6f 6e 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 |s domini|ons, and|
|00003b20| 20 68 69 73 20 63 6f 75 | 72 74 20 28 41 61 63 68 | his cou|rt (Aach|
|00003b30| 65 6e 29 20 66 73 70 61 | 77 6e 65 64 20 0d 61 6e |en) fspa|wned .an|
|00003b40| 20 69 6e 74 65 6c 6c 65 | 63 75 61 6c 20 65 6e 74 | intelle|cual ent|
|00003b50| 65 72 20 09 00 0d 20 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |er ... .|........|
|00003b60| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00003b70| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00003b80| 09 00 0e 54 68 65 20 43 | 72 75 73 61 64 65 73 20 |...The C|rusades |
|00003b90| 77 65 72 65 20 61 20 73 | 65 72 69 65 73 20 6f 66 |were a s|eries of|
|00003ba0| 20 72 65 6c 69 67 69 6f | 75 73 20 6d 69 73 73 69 | religio|us missi|
|00003bb0| 6f 6e 73 20 75 6e 64 65 | 72 74 61 6b 65 6e 20 62 |ons unde|rtaken b|
|00003bc0| 79 20 45 75 72 6f 70 65 | 61 6e 20 0d 43 68 72 69 |y Europe|an .Chri|
|00003bd0| 73 74 69 61 6e 73 20 62 | 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 74 |stians b|etween t|
|00003be0| 68 65 20 31 31 74 68 20 | 61 6e 64 20 31 33 74 68 |he 11th |and 13th|
|00003bf0| 20 63 65 6e 74 75 72 69 | 65 73 2e 20 20 54 68 65 | centuri|es. The|
|00003c00| 69 72 20 70 75 72 70 6f | 73 65 20 77 61 73 20 74 |ir purpo|se was t|
|00003c10| 6f 20 72 65 63 6f 76 65 | 72 20 0d 74 68 65 20 48 |o recove|r .the H|
|00003c20| 6f 6c 79 20 4c 61 6e 64 | 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 |oly Land| from th|
|00003c30| 65 20 4d 75 73 6c 69 6d | 73 2e 20 0d 20 0d 54 68 |e Muslim|s. . .Th|
|00003c40| 65 20 43 72 75 73 61 64 | 65 73 20 62 65 67 61 6e |e Crusad|es began|
|00003c50| 20 69 6e 20 31 30 39 35 | 20 77 68 65 6e 20 66 50 | in 1095| when fP|
|00003c60| 6f 70 65 20 55 72 62 61 | 6e 20 49 49 20 61 74 20 |ope Urba|n II at |
|00003c70| 74 68 65 20 43 6f 75 6e | 63 69 6c 20 6f 66 20 43 |the Coun|cil of C|
|00003c80| 6c 65 72 6d 6f 6e 74 20 | 0d 65 78 68 6f 72 74 65 |lermont |.exhorte|
|00003c90| 64 20 43 68 72 69 73 74 | 65 6e 64 6f 6d 20 74 6f |d Christ|endom to|
|00003ca0| 20 77 61 72 2e 20 20 54 | 68 65 20 43 72 75 73 61 | war. T|he Crusa|
|00003cb0| 64 65 72 73 20 74 6f 6f | 6b 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 |ders too|k their |
|00003cc0| 6e 61 6d 65 20 66 72 6f | 6d 20 74 68 65 20 63 72 |name fro|m the cr|
|00003cd0| 6f 73 73 65 73 20 0d 74 | 68 61 74 20 77 65 72 65 |osses .t|hat were|
|00003ce0| 20 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 | 75 74 65 64 20 74 68 65 | distrib|uted the|
|00003cf0| 72 65 2e 20 20 41 6c 74 | 68 6f 75 67 68 20 74 68 |re. Alt|hough th|
|00003d00| 65 20 43 72 75 73 61 64 | 65 73 20 77 65 72 65 20 |e Crusad|es were |
|00003d10| 75 6e 64 65 72 74 61 6b | 65 6e 20 66 6f 72 20 0d |undertak|en for .|
|00003d20| 70 72 69 6d 61 72 69 6c | 79 20 72 65 6c 69 67 69 |primaril|y religi|
|00003d30| 6f 75 73 20 72 65 61 73 | 6f 6e 73 2c 20 74 68 65 |ous reas|ons, the|
|00003d40| 72 65 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 | 77 61 73 20 61 6e 20 65 |re also |was an e|
|00003d50| 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 6f | 66 20 73 65 6c 66 20 69 |lement o|f self i|
|00003d60| 6e 74 65 72 65 73 74 20 | 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 2c |nterest |present,|
|00003d70| 20 0d 74 68 65 20 6e 6f | 62 6c 65 73 20 68 6f 70 | .the no|bles hop|
|00003d80| 65 64 20 74 6f 20 61 63 | 71 75 69 72 65 20 62 6f |ed to ac|quire bo|
|00003d90| 74 68 20 6c 61 6e 64 20 | 61 6e 20 6c 6f 6f 74 2e |th land |an loot.|
|00003da0| 20 20 53 69 6d 69 6c 61 | 72 6c 79 20 74 68 65 20 | Simila|rly the |
|00003db0| 49 74 61 6c 69 61 6e 20 | 63 69 74 79 20 0d 73 74 |Italian |city .st|
|00003dc0| 61 74 65 73 20 68 6f 70 | 65 64 20 74 6f 20 65 78 |ates hop|ed to ex|
|00003dd0| 70 61 6e 64 20 74 72 61 | 64 65 20 77 69 74 68 20 |pand tra|de with |
|00003de0| 74 68 65 20 4e 65 61 72 | 20 45 61 73 74 2e 20 0d |the Near| East. .|
|00003df0| 20 0d 54 68 65 20 46 69 | 72 73 74 20 43 72 75 73 | .The Fi|rst Crus|
|00003e00| 61 64 65 20 0d 20 0d 31 | 30 39 35 20 2d 20 31 30 |ade . .1|095 - 10|
|00003e10| 39 39 20 0d 20 0d 52 61 | 79 6d 6f 6e 64 20 49 56 |99 . .Ra|ymond IV|
|00003e20| 20 6f 66 20 54 6f 75 6c | 6f 75 73 65 2c 20 47 6f | of Toul|ouse, Go|
|00003e30| 64 66 72 65 79 20 4f 66 | 20 42 6f 75 6c 6c 69 6f |dfrey Of| Boullio|
|00003e40| 6e 2c 20 42 6f 68 65 6d | 6f 6e 64 20 49 2c 20 61 |n, Bohem|ond I, a|
|00003e50| 6e 64 20 54 61 6e 63 72 | 65 64 20 6c 65 64 20 74 |nd Tancr|ed led t|
|00003e60| 68 65 20 0d 66 69 72 73 | 74 20 63 72 75 73 61 64 |he .firs|t crusad|
|00003e70| 65 2e 20 20 54 68 65 69 | 72 20 76 69 63 74 6f 72 |e. Thei|r victor|
|00003e80| 69 6f 75 73 20 63 61 6d | 70 61 69 67 6e 20 77 61 |ious cam|paign wa|
|00003e90| 73 20 66 69 6e 61 6c 69 | 7a 65 64 20 62 79 20 77 |s finali|zed by w|
|00003ea0| 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 | 63 6f 6e 71 75 65 73 74 |ith the |conquest|
|00003eb0| 20 6f 66 20 0d 4a 65 72 | 75 73 61 6c 65 6d 20 69 | of .Jer|usalem i|
|00003ec0| 6e 20 31 30 39 39 2e 20 | 20 41 66 74 65 72 20 74 |n 1099. | After t|
|00003ed0| 68 69 73 2c 20 74 68 65 | 20 4b 69 6e 67 6f 64 6f |his, the| Kingodo|
|00003ee0| 6d 20 6f 66 20 4a 65 72 | 75 73 61 6c 65 6d 2c 20 |m of Jer|usalem, |
|00003ef0| 74 68 65 20 6f 72 64 65 | 72 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |the orde|rs of th|
|00003f00| 65 20 0d 4b 6e 69 67 68 | 74 73 20 48 6f 73 70 69 |e .Knigh|ts Hospi|
|00003f10| 74 61 6c 65 72 73 2c 20 | 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 |talers, |and the |
|00003f20| 4b 6e 69 67 68 74 73 20 | 54 65 6d 70 6c 61 72 73 |Knights |Templars|
|00003f30| 20 77 65 72 65 20 65 73 | 74 61 62 6c 69 73 68 65 | were es|tablishe|
|00003f40| 64 2e 20 0d 54 68 65 20 | 53 65 63 6f 6e 64 20 43 |d. .The |Second C|
|00003f50| 72 75 73 61 64 65 20 0d | 20 0d 31 31 34 37 20 2d |rusade .| .1147 -|
|00003f60| 20 31 31 34 39 20 0d 20 | 0d 54 68 65 20 73 65 63 | 1149 . |.The sec|
|00003f70| 6f 6e 64 20 63 72 75 73 | 61 64 65 20 77 61 73 20 |ond crus|ade was |
|00003f80| 70 72 65 61 63 68 65 64 | 20 62 79 20 53 74 2e 20 |preached| by St. |
|00003f90| 42 65 72 6e 61 72 64 20 | 6f 66 20 43 6c 61 69 72 |Bernard |of Clair|
|00003fa0| 76 61 75 78 20 61 66 74 | 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 43 |vaux aft|er the C|
|00003fb0| 68 72 69 73 74 69 61 6e | 73 20 0d 6c 6f 73 74 20 |hristian|s .lost |
|00003fc0| 45 64 65 73 73 61 20 74 | 6f 20 74 68 65 20 54 75 |Edessa t|o the Tu|
|00003fd0| 72 6b 73 20 20 69 6e 20 | 31 31 34 34 2e 20 20 54 |rks in |1144. T|
|00003fe0| 68 69 73 20 63 72 75 73 | 61 64 65 20 65 6e 64 65 |his crus|ade ende|
|00003ff0| 64 20 69 6e 20 63 6f 6d | 70 6c 65 74 65 20 61 6e |d in com|plete an|
|00004000| 64 20 75 74 74 65 72 20 | 0d 66 61 69 6c 75 72 65 |d utter |.failure|
|00004010| 2e 20 0d 20 0d 54 68 65 | 20 54 68 69 72 64 20 43 |. . .The| Third C|
|00004020| 72 75 73 61 64 65 20 0d | 20 0d 31 31 38 39 20 2d |rusade .| .1189 -|
|00004030| 20 31 31 39 32 20 0d 20 | 0d 54 68 65 20 74 68 69 | 1192 . |.The thi|
|00004040| 72 64 20 63 72 75 73 61 | 64 65 20 62 65 67 61 6e |rd crusa|de began|
|00004050| 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 53 | 61 6c 61 64 69 6e 20 72 | after S|aladin r|
|00004060| 65 63 61 70 74 75 72 65 | 64 20 4a 65 72 75 73 61 |ecapture|d Jerusa|
|00004070| 6c 65 6d 20 66 6f 72 20 | 49 73 6c 61 6d 2e 20 20 |lem for |Islam. |
|00004080| 54 68 69 73 20 0d 63 72 | 75 61 64 65 20 77 61 73 |This .cr|uade was|
|00004090| 20 6c 65 64 20 62 79 20 | 46 72 65 64 65 72 69 63 | led by |Frederic|
|000040a0| 6b 20 49 20 28 53 4a 20 | 2d 20 4e 4c 20 2d 20 48 |k I (SJ |- NL - H|
|000040b0| 6f 6c 79 20 52 6f 6d 61 | 6e 20 45 6d 70 65 72 6f |oly Roma|n Empero|
|000040c0| 72 29 20 61 6e 64 20 50 | 68 69 6c 6c 69 70 20 49 |r) and P|hillip I|
|000040d0| 49 20 6f 66 20 0d 46 72 | 61 6e 63 65 2e 20 20 54 |I of .Fr|ance. T|
|000040e0| 68 69 73 20 63 72 75 73 | 61 64 65 20 66 61 69 6c |his crus|ade fail|
|000040f0| 65 64 20 74 6f 20 72 65 | 63 61 70 74 75 72 65 20 |ed to re|capture |
|00004100| 74 68 65 20 63 69 74 79 | 2c 20 68 6f 77 65 76 65 |the city|, howeve|
|00004110| 72 20 61 20 74 68 72 65 | 65 20 79 65 61 72 20 74 |r a thre|e year t|
|00004120| 72 75 63 65 20 0d 67 61 | 76 65 20 43 68 72 69 73 |ruce .ga|ve Chris|
|00004130| 74 69 61 6e 73 20 61 63 | 63 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 |tians ac|cess to |
|00004140| 74 68 65 20 63 69 74 79 | 2e 20 0d 20 0d 54 68 65 |the city|. . .The|
|00004150| 20 46 6f 75 72 74 68 20 | 43 72 75 73 61 64 65 20 | Fourth |Crusade |
|00004160| 0d 20 0d 31 32 30 32 20 | 31 32 30 34 20 0d 20 0d |. .1202 |1204 . .|
|00004170| 49 6e 20 74 68 65 20 46 | 6f 75 72 74 68 20 63 75 |In the F|ourth cu|
|00004180| 72 73 61 64 65 2c 20 74 | 68 65 20 6f 72 69 67 69 |rsade, t|he origi|
|00004190| 6e 61 6c 20 67 6f 61 6c | 20 77 61 73 20 64 69 76 |nal goal| was div|
|000041a0| 65 72 74 65 64 20 66 6f | 72 20 74 68 65 20 62 65 |erted fo|r the be|
|000041b0| 6e 65 66 69 74 20 6f 66 | 20 56 65 6e 69 63 65 2c |nefit of| Venice,|
|000041c0| 20 0d 61 6e 64 20 74 68 | 65 20 43 72 75 73 61 64 | .and th|e Crusad|
|000041d0| 65 72 73 20 73 65 69 7a | 65 64 20 43 6f 6e 73 74 |ers seiz|ed Const|
|000041e0| 61 6e 74 69 6e 6f 70 6c | 65 2e 20 0d 20 0d 54 68 |antinopl|e. . .Th|
|000041f0| 65 20 43 68 69 6c 64 72 | 65 6e 27 73 20 43 72 75 |e Childr|en's Cru|
|00004200| 73 61 64 65 20 0d 20 0d | 31 32 30 32 20 0d 20 0d |sade . .|1202 . .|
|00004210| 4f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 74 | 68 65 20 43 72 75 73 61 |Of all t|he Crusa|
|00004220| 64 65 73 2c 20 74 68 65 | 20 73 74 6f 72 79 20 6f |des, the| story o|
|00004230| 66 20 74 68 65 20 43 68 | 69 6c 64 72 65 6e 27 73 |f the Ch|ildren's|
|00004240| 20 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 | 6d 6f 73 74 20 73 69 63 | is the |most sic|
|00004250| 6b 65 6e 69 6e 67 2e 20 | 20 49 6e 20 74 68 69 73 |kening. | In this|
|00004260| 20 0d 63 72 75 73 61 64 | 2c 20 74 68 6f 75 73 61 | .crusad|, thousa|
|00004270| 6e 64 73 20 6f 66 20 43 | 68 69 6c 64 72 65 6e 20 |nds of C|hildren |
|00004280| 73 65 74 20 6f 75 74 20 | 66 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 |set out |for the |
|00004290| 68 6f 6c 79 20 6c 61 6e | 64 2c 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 |holy lan|d, only |
|000042a0| 74 6f 20 65 6e 64 20 61 | 73 20 73 6c 61 76 65 73 |to end a|s slaves|
|000042b0| 20 0d 6f 72 20 64 69 65 | 20 6f 66 20 68 75 6e 67 | .or die| of hung|
|000042c0| 65 72 20 6f 72 20 64 69 | 73 65 61 73 65 2e 20 0d |er or di|sease. .|
|000042d0| 20 0d 54 68 65 20 46 69 | 66 74 68 20 43 72 75 73 | .The Fi|fth Crus|
|000042e0| 61 64 65 20 0d 20 0d 31 | 32 31 37 20 2d 20 31 32 |ade . .1|217 - 12|
|000042f0| 32 31 20 0d 20 0d 54 68 | 69 73 20 63 72 75 73 61 |21 . .Th|is crusa|
|00004300| 64 65 20 77 61 73 20 74 | 72 61 67 65 74 65 64 20 |de was t|rageted |
|00004310| 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 63 | 6f 6e 71 75 65 72 69 6e |at the c|onquerin|
|00004320| 67 20 6f 66 20 45 67 79 | 70 74 2c 20 62 75 74 20 |g of Egy|pt, but |
|00004330| 6c 69 6b 65 20 74 68 65 | 20 43 68 69 6c 64 72 65 |like the| Childre|
|00004340| 6e 27 73 20 0d 43 72 75 | 73 61 64 65 20 69 74 20 |n's .Cru|sade it |
|00004350| 74 6f 6f 20 66 61 69 6c | 65 64 2e 20 0d 20 0d 54 |too fail|ed. . .T|
|00004360| 68 65 20 53 69 78 74 68 | 20 43 72 75 73 61 64 65 |he Sixth| Crusade|
|00004370| 20 0d 20 0d 31 32 32 38 | 20 2d 20 31 32 32 39 20 | . .1228| - 1229 |
|00004380| 0d 20 0d 49 6e 20 74 68 | 65 20 53 69 78 74 68 20 |. .In th|e Sixth |
|00004390| 43 72 75 73 61 64 65 2c | 20 61 20 73 68 6f 72 74 |Crusade,| a short|
|000043a0| 20 6c 69 76 65 64 20 74 | 72 75 63 65 20 62 65 74 | lived t|ruce bet|
|000043b0| 77 65 65 6e 20 74 68 65 | 20 4d 75 73 6c 69 6d 73 |ween the| Muslims|
|000043c0| 20 61 6e 64 20 48 6f 6c | 79 20 52 6f 6d 61 6e 20 | and Hol|y Roman |
|000043d0| 0d 45 6d 70 65 72 6f 72 | 20 46 72 65 64 65 72 69 |.Emperor| Frederi|
|000043e0| 63 6b 20 49 49 2e 20 0d | 20 0d 54 68 65 20 52 65 |ck II. .| .The Re|
|000043f0| 73 75 6c 74 73 20 0d 20 | 0d 54 68 65 72 65 20 77 |sults . |.There w|
|00004400| 65 72 65 20 74 68 72 65 | 65 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 43 |ere thre|e more C|
|00004410| 72 75 73 61 64 65 73 20 | 6c 61 74 65 72 20 69 6e |rusades |later in|
|00004420| 20 74 68 65 20 31 33 74 | 68 20 63 65 6e 74 75 72 | the 13t|h centur|
|00004430| 79 2c 20 61 6c 6c 20 6f | 66 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 |y, all o|f which |
|00004440| 66 61 69 6c 65 64 20 74 | 6f 20 0d 72 65 76 65 72 |failed t|o .rever|
|00004450| 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 67 | 61 69 6e 73 20 6f 66 20 |se the g|ains of |
|00004460| 4d 75 73 6c 69 6d 73 2e | 20 20 54 68 65 20 66 69 |Muslims.| The fi|
|00004470| 6e 61 6c 20 72 65 73 75 | 6c 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |nal resu|lt of th|
|00004480| 65 20 43 72 75 73 61 64 | 65 73 20 77 61 73 20 74 |e Crusad|es was t|
|00004490| 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 | 0d 6c 61 73 74 20 43 68 |hat the |.last Ch|
|000044a0| 72 69 73 74 69 61 6e 20 | 73 74 72 6f 6e 67 68 6f |ristian |strongho|
|000044b0| 6c 64 20 6f 66 20 41 6b | 6b 6f 20 66 65 6c 6c 20 |ld of Ak|ko fell |
|000044c0| 69 6e 20 31 32 39 31 2e | 20 0d 20 0d 4f 76 65 72 |in 1291.| . .Over|
|000044d0| 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 | 43 72 75 73 61 64 65 73 |all the |Crusades|
|000044e0| 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 | 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 | must be| conside|
|000044f0| 72 65 64 20 6f 66 20 68 | 75 6d 61 6e 69 74 79 27 |red of h|umanity'|
|00004500| 73 20 67 72 65 61 74 65 | 72 20 66 6f 6c 6c 69 65 |s greate|r follie|
|00004510| 73 2c 20 6e 61 64 20 74 | 68 65 20 0d 73 74 61 6e |s, nad t|he .stan|
|00004520| 64 20 73 74 65 73 74 61 | 6d 65 6e 74 20 6f 74 20 |d stesta|ment ot |
|00004530| 74 68 65 20 70 6f 77 65 | 72 20 6f 66 20 72 65 6c |the powe|r of rel|
|00004540| 69 67 69 6f 6e 20 6f 76 | 65 72 20 6d 61 6e 2e 20 |igion ov|er man. |
|00004550| 0d 20 0d 20 09 00 0e 20 | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |. . ... |........|
|00004560| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00004570| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00004580| 09 00 0f 20 20 20 20 20 | 54 68 65 20 4d 61 67 6e |... |The Magn|
|00004590| 61 20 43 61 72 74 61 20 | 69 73 20 74 68 65 20 6d |a Carta |is the m|
|000045a0| 6f 73 74 20 66 61 6d 6f | 75 73 20 64 6f 63 75 6d |ost famo|us docum|
|000045b0| 65 6e 74 20 69 6e 20 42 | 72 69 74 69 73 68 20 63 |ent in B|ritish c|
|000045c0| 6f 6e 73 74 69 74 75 74 | 69 6f 6e 61 6c 20 0d 68 |onstitut|ional .h|
|000045d0| 69 73 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 | 20 49 74 20 77 61 73 20 |istory. | It was |
|000045e0| 69 73 73 75 65 64 20 62 | 79 20 4b 69 6e 67 20 4a |issued b|y King J|
|000045f0| 6f 68 6e 20 61 74 20 52 | 75 6e 6e 79 6d 65 61 64 |ohn at R|unnymead|
|00004600| 65 20 69 6e 20 31 32 31 | 35 20 41 44 20 75 6e 64 |e in 121|5 AD und|
|00004610| 65 72 20 0d 63 6f 6d 70 | 75 6c 73 69 6f 6e 20 66 |er .comp|ulsion f|
|00004620| 72 6f 6d 20 68 69 73 20 | 62 61 72 6f 6e 73 2e 20 |rom his |barons. |
|00004630| 20 54 68 65 20 6f 72 69 | 67 69 6e 61 6c 20 70 75 | The ori|ginal pu|
|00004640| 72 70 6f 73 65 20 6f 66 | 20 74 68 65 20 64 6f 63 |rpose of| the doc|
|00004650| 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 77 61 | 73 20 74 6f 20 0d 65 6e |ument wa|s to .en|
|00004660| 73 75 72 65 20 66 65 75 | 64 61 6c 20 72 69 67 68 |sure feu|dal righ|
|00004670| 74 73 20 61 6e 64 20 74 | 6f 20 67 75 61 72 61 6e |ts and t|o guaran|
|00004680| 74 65 65 20 74 68 61 74 | 20 74 68 65 20 6b 69 6e |tee that| the kin|
|00004690| 67 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 | 6e 6f 74 20 65 6e 72 6f |g could |not enro|
|000046a0| 61 63 68 20 6f 6e 20 0d | 62 61 72 6f 6e 69 61 6c |ach on .|baronial|
|000046b0| 20 70 72 69 76 69 6c 65 | 67 65 73 2e 20 20 49 74 | privile|ges. It|
|000046c0| 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 67 75 | 61 72 61 6e 74 65 65 64 | also gu|aranteed|
|000046d0| 20 74 68 65 20 66 72 65 | 65 64 6f 6d 20 6f 66 20 | the fre|edom of |
|000046e0| 74 68 65 20 63 68 75 72 | 63 68 20 61 6e 64 20 74 |the chur|ch and t|
|000046f0| 68 65 20 0d 63 75 73 74 | 6f 6d 73 20 6f 66 20 74 |he .cust|oms of t|
|00004700| 68 65 20 74 6f 77 6e 73 | 2e 20 20 54 68 65 73 65 |he towns|. These|
|00004710| 20 77 65 72 65 20 69 6d | 70 6c 69 65 64 20 6c 61 | were im|plied la|
|00004720| 77 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 | 70 72 6f 74 65 63 74 69 |ws that |protecti|
|00004730| 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 72 | 69 67 68 74 73 20 6f 66 |ng the r|ights of|
|00004740| 20 0d 73 75 62 6a 65 63 | 74 73 20 61 6e 64 20 63 | .subjec|ts and c|
|00004750| 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 74 69 | 65 73 20 77 68 69 63 68 |ommuniti|es which|
|00004760| 20 74 68 65 20 6b 69 6e | 67 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 | the kin|g could |
|00004770| 62 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 65 | 6c 6c 65 64 20 74 6f 20 |be compe|lled to |
|00004780| 6f 62 73 65 72 76 65 2e | 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 0d |observe.| This .|
|00004790| 61 6c 73 6f 20 73 75 67 | 67 65 73 74 65 64 20 74 |also sug|gested t|
|000047a0| 6f 20 6c 61 74 65 72 20 | 67 65 6e 65 72 61 74 69 |o later |generati|
|000047b0| 6f 6e 73 20 67 75 61 72 | 61 6e 74 65 65 73 20 6f |ons guar|antees o|
|000047c0| 66 20 74 72 69 61 6c 20 | 62 79 20 6a 75 72 79 20 |f trial |by jury |
|000047d0| 61 6e 64 20 68 61 62 65 | 61 73 20 0d 63 6f 72 70 |and habe|as .corp|
|000047e0| 75 73 2e 20 20 41 66 74 | 65 72 20 4a 6f 68 6e 27 |us. Aft|er John'|
|000047f0| 73 20 64 65 61 74 68 2c | 20 74 68 65 20 4d 61 67 |s death,| the Mag|
|00004800| 6e 61 20 43 61 72 74 61 | 20 77 61 73 20 72 65 69 |na Carta| was rei|
|00004810| 73 73 75 65 64 20 77 69 | 74 68 20 73 69 67 6e 69 |ssued wi|th signi|
|00004820| 66 69 63 61 6e 74 20 0d | 6f 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e |ficant .|omission|
|00004830| 73 2e 20 0d 20 20 20 20 | 20 49 6e 20 6c 61 74 65 |s. . | In late|
|00004840| 72 20 63 65 6e 74 75 72 | 69 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 |r centur|ies the |
|00004850| 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 | 20 77 61 73 20 74 68 6f |document| was tho|
|00004860| 75 67 68 74 20 74 6f 20 | 62 65 20 61 20 64 65 6d |ught to |be a dem|
|00004870| 6f 63 72 61 74 69 63 20 | 0d 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e |ocratic |.documen|
|00004880| 74 2e 20 20 48 6f 77 65 | 76 65 72 20 69 6e 20 74 |t. Howe|ver in t|
|00004890| 68 65 20 31 39 74 68 20 | 63 65 6e 74 75 72 79 20 |he 19th |century |
|000048a0| 73 6f 6d 65 20 74 68 6f | 75 67 68 20 69 74 20 74 |some tho|ugh it t|
|000048b0| 6f 20 62 65 20 72 65 61 | 63 74 69 6f 6e 61 72 79 |o be rea|ctionary|
|000048c0| 20 69 6e 20 0d 74 68 61 | 74 20 69 74 20 6d 65 72 | in .tha|t it mer|
|000048d0| 65 6c 79 20 67 75 61 72 | 61 6e 74 65 65 64 20 66 |ely guar|anteed f|
|000048e0| 65 75 64 61 6c 20 72 69 | 67 68 74 73 2e 20 20 49 |eudal ri|ghts. I|
|000048f0| 74 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 77 | 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 6c |t is now| general|
|00004900| 6c 79 20 74 68 6f 75 67 | 68 74 20 74 68 65 20 0d |ly thoug|ht the .|
|00004910| 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 | 20 73 68 6f 77 65 64 20 |document| showed |
|00004920| 74 68 65 20 76 69 61 62 | 69 6c 69 74 79 20 6f 66 |the viab|ility of|
|00004930| 20 6f 70 70 6f 73 69 74 | 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 74 | opposit|ion to t|
|00004940| 68 65 20 65 78 63 65 73 | 73 69 76 65 20 75 73 65 |he exces|sive use|
|00004950| 20 6f 66 20 72 6f 79 61 | 6c 20 70 6f 77 65 72 2e | of roya|l power.|
|00004960| 20 09 00 0f 20 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | ... ...|........|
|00004970| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00004980| 09 00 10 49 6e 20 74 68 | 69 73 20 79 65 61 72 20 |...In th|is year |
|00004990| 4a 6f 68 61 6e 6e 20 47 | 75 74 65 6e 62 65 72 67 |Johann G|utenberg|
|000049a0| 20 28 63 2e 31 33 39 37 | 20 2d 20 31 34 36 38 29 | (c.1397| - 1468)|
|000049b0| 20 69 73 20 62 65 6c 69 | 65 76 65 64 20 74 6f 20 | is beli|eved to |
|000049c0| 68 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 | 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0d 66 |have bee|n the .f|
|000049d0| 69 72 73 74 20 45 75 72 | 6f 70 65 61 6e 20 74 6f |irst Eur|opean to|
|000049e0| 20 70 72 69 6e 74 20 77 | 69 74 68 20 6d 6f 76 61 | print w|ith mova|
|000049f0| 62 6c 65 20 74 79 70 65 | 2e 20 20 41 73 20 77 69 |ble type|. As wi|
|00004a00| 74 68 20 73 6f 20 6d 61 | 6e 79 20 74 68 69 6e 67 |th so ma|ny thing|
|00004a10| 73 20 69 6e 20 0d 68 69 | 73 74 6f 72 79 2c 20 74 |s in .hi|story, t|
|00004a20| 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 65 | 20 76 61 72 79 69 6e 67 |here are| varying|
|00004a30| 20 6f 70 69 6e 69 6f 6e | 73 20 61 73 20 74 6f 20 | opinion|s as to |
|00004a40| 77 68 6f 20 77 61 73 20 | 61 63 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 |who was |actually|
|00004a50| 20 66 69 72 73 74 2e 20 | 20 44 65 73 70 69 74 65 | first. | Despite|
|00004a60| 20 0d 74 68 69 73 20 63 | 6f 6e 74 72 6f 76 65 72 | .this c|ontrover|
|00004a70| 73 79 2c 20 68 65 20 69 | 73 20 70 6f 70 75 6c 61 |sy, he i|s popula|
|00004a80| 72 6c 79 20 62 65 6c 69 | 65 76 65 64 20 74 6f 20 |rly beli|eved to |
|00004a90| 68 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 | 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 |have bee|n the fi|
|00004aa0| 72 73 74 20 74 6f 20 75 | 73 65 20 0d 6d 6f 76 61 |rst to u|se .mova|
|00004ab0| 62 6c 65 20 74 79 70 65 | 2e 20 20 4f 74 68 65 72 |ble type|. Other|
|00004ac0| 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 61 | 72 65 20 73 70 65 63 75 |s that a|re specu|
|00004ad0| 6c 61 74 65 64 20 74 6f | 20 68 61 76 65 20 70 72 |lated to| have pr|
|00004ae0| 65 63 65 64 65 64 20 68 | 69 6d 20 61 72 65 20 4c |eceded h|im are L|
|00004af0| 61 75 72 65 6e 73 20 0d | 4a 61 6e 73 7a 6f 6f 6e |aurens .|Janszoon|
|00004b00| 20 4b 6f 73 74 65 72 20 | 28 68 6f 6c 6c 61 6e 64 | Koster |(holland|
|00004b10| 29 20 61 6e 64 20 50 61 | 6d 66 69 6c 6f 20 43 61 |) and Pa|mfilo Ca|
|00004b20| 73 74 61 6c 64 69 20 6f | 66 20 28 49 74 61 6c 79 |staldi o|f (Italy|
|00004b30| 29 2e 20 0d 20 0d 49 6e | 20 61 6c 6c 20 6f 66 20 |). . .In| all of |
|00004b40| 68 69 73 74 6f 72 79 2c | 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 68 |history,| there h|
|00004b50| 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 6e | 20 66 65 77 20 6f 74 68 |ave been| few oth|
|00004b60| 65 72 20 64 69 73 63 6f | 76 65 72 69 65 73 20 74 |er disco|veries t|
|00004b70| 68 61 74 20 68 61 76 65 | 20 68 61 64 20 61 73 20 |hat have| had as |
|00004b80| 0d 67 72 65 61 74 20 61 | 6e 20 65 66 66 65 63 74 |.great a|n effect|
|00004b90| 20 6f 6e 20 6d 61 6e 6b | 69 6e 64 20 61 73 20 47 | on mank|ind as G|
|00004ba0| 75 74 65 6e 62 65 72 67 | 27 73 20 77 6f 72 6b 2e |utenberg|'s work.|
|00004bb0| 20 20 54 68 65 20 75 73 | 65 20 6f 66 20 6d 6f 76 | The us|e of mov|
|00004bc0| 61 62 6c 65 20 74 79 70 | 65 20 0d 67 72 65 61 74 |able typ|e .great|
|00004bd0| 6c 79 20 72 65 64 75 63 | 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 63 |ly reduc|ed the c|
|00004be0| 6f 73 74 73 20 6f 66 20 | 70 72 69 6e 74 69 6e 67 |osts of |printing|
|00004bf0| 2e 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 | 69 6e 20 74 75 72 6e 20 |. This |in turn |
|00004c00| 61 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 | 6c 69 74 65 72 61 63 79 |allowed |literacy|
|00004c10| 20 74 6f 20 0d 73 70 72 | 65 61 64 20 62 65 79 6f | to .spr|ead beyo|
|00004c20| 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 70 | 72 69 65 73 74 68 6f 6f |nd the p|riesthoo|
|00004c30| 64 20 61 6e 64 20 61 72 | 69 73 74 6f 63 72 61 63 |d and ar|istocrac|
|00004c40| 79 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 | 69 74 20 68 61 64 20 62 |y where |it had b|
|00004c50| 65 65 6e 20 70 72 65 76 | 69 6f 75 73 6c 79 2e 20 |een prev|iously. |
|00004c60| 0d 54 68 69 73 20 73 70 | 72 65 61 64 20 6f 66 20 |.This sp|read of |
|00004c70| 6c 69 74 65 72 61 63 79 | 20 6d 75 73 74 20 62 65 |literacy| must be|
|00004c80| 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 | 72 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 65 | conside|red on e|
|00004c90| 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 | 73 68 61 70 69 6e 67 20 | of the |shaping |
|00004ca0| 66 6f 72 63 65 73 20 74 | 68 61 74 20 0d 68 61 76 |forces t|hat .hav|
|00004cb0| 65 20 68 65 6c 70 65 64 | 20 74 6f 20 66 6f 72 6d |e helped| to form|
|00004cc0| 20 6f 75 72 20 63 75 6c | 74 75 72 65 2e 20 09 00 | our cul|ture. ..|
|00004cd0| 10 20 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |. ......|........|
|00004ce0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00004cf0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00004d00| 09 00 11 49 6e 20 31 34 | 39 32 20 43 68 72 69 73 |...In 14|92 Chris|
|00004d10| 74 6f 70 68 65 72 20 43 | 6f 6c 75 6d 62 75 73 20 |topher C|olumbus |
|00004d20| 73 65 74 20 73 61 69 6c | 20 66 6f 72 20 49 6e 64 |set sail| for Ind|
|00004d30| 69 61 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 | 53 70 61 69 6e 2e 20 20 |ia from |Spain. |
|00004d40| 48 65 20 77 61 73 20 0d | 64 65 74 65 72 6d 69 6e |He was .|determin|
|00004d50| 65 64 20 74 6f 20 72 65 | 61 63 68 20 49 6e 64 69 |ed to re|ach Indi|
|00004d60| 61 20 62 79 20 73 61 69 | 6c 69 6e 67 20 77 65 73 |a by sai|ling wes|
|00004d70| 74 2e 20 20 48 6f 77 65 | 76 65 72 20 72 61 74 68 |t. Howe|ver rath|
|00004d80| 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20 | 49 6e 64 69 61 2c 20 68 |er than |India, h|
|00004d90| 65 20 0d 64 69 73 63 6f | 76 65 72 65 64 20 74 68 |e .disco|vered th|
|00004da0| 65 20 41 6d 65 72 69 63 | 61 73 2e 20 20 44 65 73 |e Americ|as. Des|
|00004db0| 70 69 74 65 20 74 68 65 | 69 72 20 62 65 69 6e 67 |pite the|ir being|
|00004dc0| 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 6f 74 | 68 65 72 20 28 54 68 65 | many ot|her (The|
|00004dd0| 20 56 69 6b 69 6e 67 73 | 20 74 6f 20 0d 6e 61 6d | Vikings| to .nam|
|00004de0| 65 20 6a 75 73 74 20 6f | 6e 65 29 20 63 6c 61 69 |e just o|ne) clai|
|00004df0| 6d 73 20 74 6f 20 64 69 | 73 63 6f 76 65 72 69 6e |ms to di|scoverin|
|00004e00| 67 20 41 6d 65 72 69 63 | 61 2c 20 43 6f 6c 75 6d |g Americ|a, Colum|
|00004e10| 62 75 73 20 69 73 20 70 | 6f 70 75 6c 61 72 6c 79 |bus is p|opularly|
|00004e20| 20 63 72 65 64 69 74 65 | 64 20 0d 77 69 74 68 20 | credite|d .with |
|00004e30| 69 74 2e 20 09 00 11 20 | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |it. ... |........|
|00004e40| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00004e50| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00004e60| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00004e70| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00004e80| 09 00 12 54 68 65 20 52 | 65 6e 61 69 73 73 61 6e |...The R|enaissan|
|00004e90| 63 65 20 28 52 65 62 69 | 72 74 68 29 20 69 73 20 |ce (Rebi|rth) is |
|00004ea0| 61 20 70 65 72 69 6f 64 | 20 69 6e 20 45 75 72 6f |a period| in Euro|
|00004eb0| 70 65 61 6e 20 68 69 73 | 74 6f 72 79 20 74 68 61 |pean his|tory tha|
|00004ec0| 74 20 6d 61 72 6b 65 64 | 20 74 68 65 20 0d 74 72 |t marked| the .tr|
|00004ed0| 61 6e 73 69 74 69 6f 6e | 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 |ansition| from th|
|00004ee0| 65 20 6d 69 64 64 6c 65 | 20 61 67 65 73 20 74 6f |e middle| ages to|
|00004ef0| 20 6d 6f 64 65 72 6e 20 | 74 69 6d 65 73 2e 20 20 | modern |times. |
|00004f00| 54 68 65 20 52 65 6e 61 | 69 73 73 61 6e 63 65 20 |The Rena|issance |
|00004f10| 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 0d | 64 61 74 65 64 20 61 73 |can be .|dated as|
|00004f20| 20 73 74 61 72 74 69 6e | 67 20 69 6e 20 49 74 61 | startin|g in Ita|
|00004f30| 6c 79 20 69 6e 20 74 68 | 65 20 31 34 74 68 20 63 |ly in th|e 14th c|
|00004f40| 65 6e 74 75 72 79 20 61 | 6e 64 20 70 65 61 6b 69 |entury a|nd peaki|
|00004f50| 6e 67 20 69 6e 20 74 68 | 65 20 31 35 74 68 20 61 |ng in th|e 15th a|
|00004f60| 6e 64 20 0d 31 36 74 68 | 20 63 65 6e 74 75 72 69 |nd .16th| centuri|
|00004f70| 65 73 2e 20 20 45 6c 73 | 65 77 68 65 72 65 20 69 |es. Els|ewhere i|
|00004f80| 6e 20 45 75 72 6f 70 65 | 20 69 74 20 6d 61 79 20 |n Europe| it may |
|00004f90| 62 65 20 64 61 74 65 64 | 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 |be dated| from th|
|00004fa0| 65 20 31 35 74 68 20 74 | 6f 20 74 68 65 20 0d 31 |e 15th t|o the .1|
|00004fb0| 36 74 68 20 63 65 6e 74 | 75 72 69 65 73 2e 20 20 |6th cent|uries. |
|00004fc0| 54 68 65 20 52 65 6e 61 | 69 73 73 61 6e 63 65 20 |The Rena|issance |
|00004fd0| 77 61 73 20 61 20 70 65 | 72 69 6f 64 20 6d 61 72 |was a pe|riod mar|
|00004fe0| 6b 65 64 20 62 79 20 62 | 72 69 6c 6c 69 61 6e 74 |ked by b|rilliant|
|00004ff0| 20 0d 61 64 76 61 6e 63 | 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 69 | .advanc|ements i|
|00005000| 6e 20 73 63 68 6f 6c 61 | 72 73 68 69 70 2c 20 6c |n schola|rship, l|
|00005010| 69 74 65 72 61 74 75 72 | 65 2c 20 73 63 69 65 6e |iteratur|e, scien|
|00005020| 63 65 20 61 6e 64 20 74 | 68 65 20 61 72 74 73 2e |ce and t|he arts.|
|00005030| 20 20 41 6d 6f 6e 67 20 | 74 68 65 20 0d 61 72 74 | Among |the .art|
|00005040| 69 73 74 73 20 74 68 61 | 74 20 66 6c 6f 75 72 69 |ists tha|t flouri|
|00005050| 73 68 65 64 20 69 6e 20 | 74 68 69 73 20 74 69 6d |shed in |this tim|
|00005060| 65 20 77 65 72 65 20 4c | 65 6f 6e 61 72 64 6f 2c |e were L|eonardo,|
|00005070| 20 4d 69 63 68 65 6c 61 | 6e 67 65 6c 6f 2c 20 42 | Michela|ngelo, B|
|00005080| 6f 63 63 61 63 63 69 6f | 2e 20 0d 49 74 20 77 61 |occaccio|. .It wa|
|00005090| 73 20 74 68 65 20 74 69 | 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |s the ti|me of th|
|000050a0| 65 20 65 6d 65 72 67 65 | 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 6e |e emerge|nce of n|
|000050b0| 61 74 69 6f 6e 2d 73 74 | 61 74 65 73 2c 20 6d 61 |ation-st|ates, ma|
|000050c0| 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 61 20 | 74 72 61 6e 73 69 74 69 |rking a |transiti|
|000050d0| 6f 6e 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 | 0d 74 68 65 20 6d 69 64 |on from |.the mid|
|000050e0| 64 6c 65 20 61 67 65 73 | 20 66 65 75 64 61 6c 69 |dle ages| feudali|
|000050f0| 73 6d 2e 20 20 49 74 20 | 61 6c 73 6f 20 77 61 73 |sm. It |also was|
|00005100| 20 61 20 74 69 6d 65 20 | 6f 66 20 65 78 70 6c 6f | a time |of explo|
|00005110| 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 | 6e 64 20 63 6f 6d 6d 65 |ration a|nd comme|
|00005120| 72 63 65 2e 20 0d 20 09 | 00 12 20 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |rce. . .|.. .....|
|00005130| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005140| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005150| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005160| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005170| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005180| 2e 20 5f 09 00 13 43 6f | 70 65 72 6e 69 63 75 73 |. _...Co|pernicus|
|00005190| 20 77 61 73 20 61 20 50 | 6f 6c 69 73 68 20 41 73 | was a P|olish As|
|000051a0| 74 72 6f 6e 6f 6d 65 72 | 20 77 68 6f 20 6c 61 69 |tronomer| who lai|
|000051b0| 64 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f | 75 6e 64 61 74 69 6f 6e |d the fo|undation|
|000051c0| 20 66 6f 72 20 61 6c 6c | 20 6f 66 20 6d 6f 64 65 | for all| of mode|
|000051d0| 72 6e 20 0d 61 73 74 72 | 6f 6e 6f 6d 79 20 74 68 |rn .astr|onomy th|
|000051e0| 72 6f 75 67 68 20 68 69 | 73 20 68 65 6c 69 6f 63 |rough hi|s helioc|
|000051f0| 65 6e 74 72 69 63 20 74 | 68 65 6f 72 79 20 6f 66 |entric t|heory of|
|00005200| 20 70 6c 61 6e 65 74 61 | 72 79 20 6d 6f 74 69 6f | planeta|ry motio|
|00005210| 6e 2e 20 20 54 68 69 73 | 20 77 61 73 20 0d 66 69 |n. This| was .fi|
|00005220| 72 73 74 20 70 72 65 73 | 65 6e 74 65 64 20 6e 20 |rst pres|ented n |
|00005230| 31 35 31 32 20 69 6e 20 | 61 20 73 68 6f 72 74 20 |1512 in |a short |
|00005240| 66 6f 72 6d 20 69 6e 20 | 68 69 73 20 75 6e 70 75 |form in |his unpu|
|00005250| 62 6c 69 73 68 65 64 20 | 6d 61 6e 75 73 63 72 69 |blished |manuscri|
|00005260| 70 74 20 0d 22 43 6f 6d | 6d 65 6e 74 61 72 69 6f |pt ."Com|mentario|
|00005270| 6c 75 73 2e 22 20 20 49 | 74 20 77 61 73 20 66 75 |lus." I|t was fu|
|00005280| 6c 6c 79 20 70 75 62 6c | 69 73 68 65 64 20 69 6e |lly publ|ished in|
|00005290| 20 68 69 73 20 77 6f 72 | 6b 20 22 44 65 20 52 65 | his wor|k "De Re|
|000052a0| 76 6f 6c 75 74 69 6f 6e | 69 62 75 73 20 0d 6f 72 |volution|ibus .or|
|000052b0| 62 69 75 6d 20 63 6f 65 | 6c 65 73 74 69 75 6d 22 |bium coe|lestium"|
|000052c0| 20 28 31 35 34 33 29 2e | 20 0d 20 0d 43 6f 70 65 | (1543).| . .Cope|
|000052d0| 72 6e 69 63 75 73 27 20 | 74 68 65 6f 72 69 65 73 |rnicus' |theories|
|000052e0| 20 77 65 72 65 20 72 61 | 64 69 63 61 6c 20 64 75 | were ra|dical du|
|000052f0| 65 20 74 6f 20 68 69 73 | 20 63 6f 6e 63 65 70 74 |e to his| concept|
|00005300| 20 6f 66 20 68 65 6c 69 | 6f 63 65 6e 74 72 69 63 | of heli|ocentric|
|00005310| 69 73 6d 2e 20 0d 74 68 | 69 73 20 73 61 69 64 20 |ism. .th|is said |
|00005320| 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 | 20 73 6f 6c 61 72 20 73 |that the| solar s|
|00005330| 79 73 74 65 6d 20 72 65 | 76 6f 6c 76 65 64 20 61 |ystem re|volved a|
|00005340| 72 6f 75 6e 64 20 74 68 | 65 20 53 75 6e 20 72 61 |round th|e Sun ra|
|00005350| 74 68 65 72 20 74 68 61 | 6e 20 74 68 65 20 0d 45 |ther tha|n the .E|
|00005360| 61 72 74 68 20 61 73 20 | 74 68 65 20 43 61 74 68 |arth as |the Cath|
|00005370| 6f 6c 69 63 20 43 68 75 | 72 63 68 20 6d 61 69 6e |olic Chu|rch main|
|00005380| 74 61 69 6e 65 64 2e 20 | 0d 20 0d 43 6f 70 65 72 |tained. |. .Coper|
|00005390| 6e 69 63 75 73 27 20 74 | 68 65 6f 72 79 20 70 6c |nicus' t|heory pl|
|000053a0| 61 63 65 64 20 74 68 65 | 20 73 75 6e 20 6d 6f 74 |aced the| sun mot|
|000053b0| 69 6f 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 | 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 63 |ionless |at the c|
|000053c0| 65 6e 74 65 72 20 6f 66 | 20 74 68 65 20 73 6f 6c |enter of| the sol|
|000053d0| 61 72 20 0d 73 79 73 74 | 65 6d 20 77 69 74 68 20 |ar .syst|em with |
|000053e0| 74 68 65 20 70 6c 61 6e | 65 74 73 20 72 65 76 6f |the plan|ets revo|
|000053f0| 6c 76 69 6e 67 20 61 72 | 6f 75 6e 64 20 69 74 2e |lving ar|ound it.|
|00005400| 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 74 | 68 65 6f 72 79 20 72 65 | This t|heory re|
|00005410| 70 6c 61 63 65 64 20 74 | 68 65 20 0d 50 74 6f 6c |placed t|he .Ptol|
|00005420| 65 6d 61 69 63 20 73 79 | 73 74 65 6d 20 77 68 69 |emaic sy|stem whi|
|00005430| 63 68 20 68 61 64 20 74 | 68 65 20 45 61 72 74 68 |ch had t|he Earth|
|00005440| 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 | 63 65 6e 74 65 72 20 6f | at the |center o|
|00005450| 66 20 74 68 65 20 73 6f | 6c 61 72 20 73 79 73 74 |f the so|lar syst|
|00005460| 65 6d 20 61 6e 64 20 0d | 75 20 2f 65 76 65 72 79 |em and .|u /every|
|00005470| 74 68 69 6e 67 20 65 6c | 73 65 20 72 65 76 6f 6c |thing el|se revol|
|00005480| 76 69 6e 67 20 61 72 6f | 75 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 |ving aro|und the |
|00005490| 45 61 72 74 09 00 13 68 | 20 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |Eart...h| .......|
|000054a0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000054b0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000054c0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000054d0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000054e0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000054f0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005500| 09 00 14 31 36 31 30 20 | 6d 61 72 6b 65 64 20 74 |...1610 |marked t|
|00005510| 68 65 20 62 65 67 69 6e | 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 |he begin|ning of |
|00005520| 74 68 65 20 73 63 69 65 | 6e 74 69 66 69 63 20 72 |the scie|ntific r|
|00005530| 65 76 6f 6c 75 74 69 6f | 6e 20 69 6e 20 45 75 72 |evolutio|n in Eur|
|00005540| 6f 70 65 2e 20 20 4d 61 | 6e 79 20 0d 61 64 76 61 |ope. Ma|ny .adva|
|00005550| 6e 63 65 73 20 62 79 20 | 6d 61 6a 6f 72 20 73 63 |nces by |major sc|
|00005560| 69 65 6e 74 69 73 74 73 | 20 77 65 72 65 20 6d 61 |ientists| were ma|
|00005570| 64 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 | 69 73 20 70 65 72 69 6f |de in th|is perio|
|00005580| 64 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20 | 73 63 69 65 6e 74 69 73 |d. The |scientis|
|00005590| 74 20 61 74 20 0d 77 6f | 72 6b 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 |t at .wo|rk inclu|
|000055a0| 64 65 64 3a 20 0d 20 0d | 20 20 20 20 20 4b 65 70 |ded: . .| Kep|
|000055b0| 6c 65 72 20 20 20 20 31 | 35 37 31 20 2d 20 31 36 |ler 1|571 - 16|
|000055c0| 31 30 20 0d 20 20 20 20 | 20 42 61 63 6f 6e 20 20 |10 . | Bacon |
|000055d0| 20 20 20 31 35 36 31 20 | 2d 20 31 36 32 36 20 0d | 1561 |- 1626 .|
|000055e0| 20 20 20 20 20 47 61 6c | 69 6c 65 6f 20 20 20 31 | Gal|ileo 1|
|000055f0| 35 36 34 20 2d 20 31 36 | 34 32 20 0d 20 20 20 20 |564 - 16|42 . |
|00005600| 20 44 65 73 63 61 72 74 | 65 73 20 31 35 39 36 20 | Descart|es 1596 |
|00005610| 2d 20 31 36 35 30 20 0d | 20 09 00 14 20 1a 1a 1a |- 1650 .| ... ...|
|00005620| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005630| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005640| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005650| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005660| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005670| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005680| 09 00 15 09 00 01 09 00 | 01 31 36 32 30 20 6d 61 |........|.1620 ma|
|00005690| 72 6b 65 64 20 74 68 65 | 20 64 61 74 65 20 74 68 |rked the| date th|
|000056a0| 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 50 | 75 72 69 74 61 6e 73 20 |at the P|uritans |
|000056b0| 6f 66 20 45 6e 67 6c 61 | 6e 64 20 77 65 72 65 20 |of Engla|nd were |
|000056c0| 63 61 73 74 20 6f 75 74 | 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 |cast out| from th|
|000056d0| 65 20 0d 45 6e 67 6c 69 | 73 68 20 63 68 75 72 63 |e .Engli|sh churc|
|000056e0| 68 2e 20 20 54 68 65 79 | 20 66 6c 65 64 20 74 6f |h. They| fled to|
|000056f0| 20 41 6d 65 72 69 63 61 | 2c 20 73 65 65 6b 69 6e | America|, seekin|
|00005700| 67 20 72 65 6c 69 67 69 | 6f 75 73 20 66 72 65 65 |g religi|ous free|
|00005710| 64 6f 6d 2e 20 20 55 70 | 6f 6e 20 0d 61 09 00 01 |dom. Up|on .a...|
|00005720| 09 00 01 72 72 69 76 61 | 6c 20 69 6e 20 41 6d 65 |...rriva|l in Ame|
|00005730| 72 69 63 61 2c 20 74 68 | 65 79 20 73 65 74 74 6c |rica, th|ey settl|
|00005740| 65 64 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 | 6e 6f 74 61 62 6c 79 20 |ed most |notably |
|00005750| 69 6e 20 4d 61 73 73 61 | 63 68 75 73 65 74 74 73 |in Massa|chusetts|
|00005760| 2e 20 20 4d 6f 73 74 20 | 0d 6e 6f 74 61 62 6c 79 |. Most |.notably|
|00005770| 2c 20 74 68 65 20 70 75 | 72 69 74 61 6e 73 20 77 |, the pu|ritans w|
|00005780| 65 72 65 20 6f 70 70 6f | 73 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 |ere oppo|sed to t|
|00005790| 68 65 20 43 68 75 72 63 | 68 20 6f 66 20 45 6e 67 |he Churc|h of Eng|
|000057a0| 6c 61 6e 64 20 6f 6e 20 | 74 68 65 20 62 61 73 69 |land on |the basi|
|000057b0| 73 20 0d 74 68 61 74 20 | 69 74 20 77 61 73 20 6e |s .that |it was n|
|000057c0| 6f 74 20 22 70 75 72 65 | 22 2e 20 20 54 68 65 69 |ot "pure|". Thei|
|000057d0| 72 20 69 6e 73 69 73 74 | 65 6e 63 65 20 6f 6e 20 |r insist|ence on |
|000057e0| 70 75 72 69 74 79 20 67 | 72 61 6e 74 65 64 20 74 |purity g|ranted t|
|000057f0| 68 65 6d 20 74 68 65 69 | 72 20 6e 61 6d 65 2e 20 |hem thei|r name. |
|00005800| 0d 20 09 00 15 20 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |. ... ..|........|
|00005810| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005820| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005830| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005840| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005850| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005860| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005870| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005880| 09 00 16 20 0d 0f 08 54 | 49 4d 45 2d 32 20 20 0c |... ...T|IME-2 .|
|00005890| 01 0e 00 0e 00 16 00 01 | 0c 03 16 00 32 00 18 00 |........|....2...|
|000058a0| 02 0c 01 25 00 f0 00 19 | 00 02 0c 01 26 00 0f 00 |...%....|....&...|
|000058b0| 1a 00 03 0c 01 27 00 d6 | 00 1b 00 01 0c 01 2a 00 |.....'..|......*.|
|000058c0| 1f 00 1c 00 02 0c 01 2e | 00 e9 00 1d 00 03 0c 01 |........|........|
|000058d0| 34 00 0c 00 1e 00 04 0c | 01 34 00 d8 00 1f 00 05 |4.......|.4......|
|000058e0| 0c 01 34 00 2a 00 36 00 | 0d 0c 01 36 00 40 00 4c |..4.*.6.|...6.@.L|
|000058f0| 00 0e 0c 01 3a 00 f0 00 | 4d 00 0f 0c 01 3b 00 09 |....:...|M....;..|
|00005900| 00 4e 00 10 0c 01 39 00 | bf 00 4f 00 11 0c 01 3c |.N....9.|..O....<|
|00005910| 00 20 00 50 00 12 0c 01 | 41 00 0c 00 44 00 01 0c |. .P....|A...D...|
|00005920| 01 42 00 cf 00 46 00 01 | 0c 01 41 00 26 00 51 00 |.B...F..|..A.&.Q.|
|00005930| 01 0c 01 47 00 c0 00 52 | 00 02 20 0d 20 09 00 16 |...G...R|.. . ...|
|00005940| 20 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | .......|........|
|00005950| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005960| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005970| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005980| 50 6c 61 63 65 20 4c 45 | 67 65 6e 64 20 48 65 72 |Place LE|gend Her|
|00005990| 65 20 0d 20 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |e . ....|........|
|000059a0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000059b0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000059c0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000059d0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000059e0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000059f0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005a00| 09 00 02 31 37 36 30 20 | 62 65 67 61 6e 20 61 6e |...1760 |began an|
|00005a10| 20 61 67 65 20 6f 66 20 | 45 75 72 6f 70 65 61 6e | age of |European|
|00005a20| 20 65 6e 6c 69 67 68 74 | 65 6e 6d 65 6e 74 2e 20 | enlight|enment. |
|00005a30| 20 54 68 65 20 63 68 61 | 72 61 63 74 65 72 69 73 | The cha|racteris|
|00005a40| 74 69 63 73 20 6f 66 20 | 74 68 69 73 20 0d 61 67 |tics of |this .ag|
|00005a50| 65 20 77 65 72 65 20 67 | 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 20 61 |e were g|eneral a|
|00005a60| 64 76 61 6e 63 65 73 20 | 70 61 72 74 69 63 75 6c |dvances |particul|
|00005a70| 61 72 6c 79 20 69 6e 20 | 74 68 6f 75 67 68 74 20 |arly in |thought |
|00005a80| 61 6e 64 20 70 68 69 6c | 6f 73 6f 70 68 79 2e 20 |and phil|osophy. |
|00005a90| 20 4d 6f 73 74 20 6f 66 | 20 0d 74 68 65 20 61 75 | Most of| .the au|
|00005aa0| 74 68 6f 72 73 20 6c 69 | 73 74 65 64 20 62 65 6c |thors li|sted bel|
|00005ab0| 6f 77 20 77 65 72 65 20 | 69 6e 20 74 68 65 69 72 |ow were |in their|
|00005ac0| 20 64 61 79 20 6b 6e 6f | 77 6e 20 61 73 20 72 61 | day kno|wn as ra|
|00005ad0| 64 69 63 61 6c 73 20 66 | 6f 72 20 65 73 70 6f 75 |dicals f|or espou|
|00005ae0| 73 69 6e 67 20 0d 70 68 | 69 6c 6f 73 6f 70 68 69 |sing .ph|ilosophi|
|00005af0| 65 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 | 72 61 6e 20 63 6f 75 6e |es that |ran coun|
|00005b00| 74 65 72 20 74 6f 20 74 | 68 65 20 6e 6f 72 6d 2e |ter to t|he norm.|
|00005b10| 20 20 54 68 65 20 68 69 | 67 68 6c 69 67 68 74 73 | The hi|ghlights|
|00005b20| 20 6f 66 20 74 68 69 73 | 20 61 67 65 20 77 65 72 | of this| age wer|
|00005b30| 65 20 0d 74 68 65 20 61 | 75 74 68 6f 72 73 20 62 |e .the a|uthors b|
|00005b40| 65 6c 6f 77 3a 20 0d 20 | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |elow: . |. |
|00005b50| 20 20 20 56 6f 6c 74 61 | 69 72 65 20 20 20 20 20 | Volta|ire |
|00005b60| 20 20 31 36 39 34 20 2d | 20 31 37 37 38 20 0d 20 | 1694 -| 1778 . |
|00005b70| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 44 69 64 65 72 6f 74 | | Diderot|
|00005b80| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 31 37 31 33 20 2d 20 31 | |1713 - 1|
|00005b90| 37 38 34 20 0d 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 48 |784 . | H|
|00005ba0| 75 6d 65 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 37 |ume | 17|
|00005bb0| 31 31 20 2d 20 31 37 37 | 36 20 0d 20 20 20 20 20 |11 - 177|6 . |
|00005bc0| 20 20 20 20 20 52 6f 73 | 73 65 61 75 20 20 20 20 | Ros|seau |
|00005bd0| 20 20 20 20 31 37 31 32 | 20 2d 20 31 37 37 38 20 | 1712| - 1778 |
|00005be0| 0d 09 00 02 20 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |.... ...|........|
|00005bf0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005c00| 09 00 03 54 68 69 73 20 | 62 65 67 61 6e 20 74 68 |...This |began th|
|00005c10| 65 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 | 6c 20 61 64 76 61 6e 63 |e genera|l advanc|
|00005c20| 65 20 6f 66 20 73 63 69 | 65 6e 63 65 20 61 6e 64 |e of sci|ence and|
|00005c30| 20 74 65 63 68 6e 6f 6c | 6f 67 79 20 69 6e 20 45 | technol|ogy in E|
|00005c40| 75 72 6f 70 65 2e 20 20 | 54 68 65 20 0d 63 6f 6e |urope. |The .con|
|00005c50| 74 72 69 62 75 74 6f 72 | 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 |tributor|s of the|
|00005c60| 20 61 64 76 61 6e 63 65 | 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 73 | advance|s, and s|
|00005c70| 6f 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 | 68 65 20 61 64 76 61 6e |ome of t|he advan|
|00005c80| 63 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 | 6c 69 73 74 65 64 20 62 |ces are |listed b|
|00005c90| 65 6c 6f 77 3a 20 0d 20 | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |elow: . |. |
|00005ca0| 20 20 20 4a 2e 20 50 72 | 69 65 73 74 6c 65 79 20 | J. Pr|iestley |
|00005cb0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00005cc0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00005cd0| 31 37 33 33 20 2d 20 31 | 38 30 34 20 0d 20 20 20 |1733 - 1|804 . |
|00005ce0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 | 2e 20 4c 61 76 6f 69 73 | A|. Lavois|
|00005cf0| 69 65 72 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ier | |
|00005d00| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00005d10| 20 20 20 20 31 37 34 33 | 20 2d 20 31 37 39 34 20 | 1743| - 1794 |
|00005d20| 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 41 2e 20 56 6f |. | A. Vo|
|00005d30| 6c 74 61 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |lta | |
|00005d40| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00005d50| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 31 37 34 35 20 2d 20 31 | |1745 - 1|
|00005d60| 38 32 37 20 0d 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 48 |827 . | H|
|00005d70| 61 72 72 69 73 6f 6e 27 | 73 20 43 68 72 6f 6e 6f |arrison'|s Chrono|
|00005d80| 6d 65 74 65 72 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |meter | |
|00005d90| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 31 37 36 32 | | 1762|
|00005da0| 20 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 57 61 74 74 | . | Watt|
|00005db0| 27 73 20 53 74 65 61 6d | 20 45 6e 67 69 6e 65 20 |'s Steam| Engine |
|00005dc0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00005dd0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 31 37 36 39 20 0d 20 | | 1769 . |
|00005de0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 41 72 6b 77 72 69 67 | | Arkwrig|
|00005df0| 68 74 27 73 20 77 61 74 | 65 72 20 70 6f 77 65 72 |ht's wat|er power|
|00005e00| 65 64 20 73 70 69 6e 6e | 69 6e 67 2d 66 72 61 6d |ed spinn|ing-fram|
|00005e10| 65 20 20 20 20 20 31 37 | 36 39 20 0d 09 00 03 20 |e 17|69 .... |
|00005e20| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005e30| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005e40| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005e50| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005e60| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005e70| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005e80| 00 01 1f 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |... | |
|00005e90| 20 20 20 20 20 09 00 01 | 20 0d 20 0d 20 0d 0f 08 | ...| . . ...|
|00005ea0| 41 4d 45 52 2d 31 20 20 | 0c 01 0e 00 09 00 16 00 |AMER-1 |........|
|00005eb0| 01 0c 01 16 00 e5 00 20 | 00 02 0c 01 24 00 ba 00 |....... |....$...|
|00005ec0| 21 00 03 0c 01 38 00 03 | 00 22 00 04 0c 01 3c 00 |!....8..|."....<.|
|00005ed0| e1 00 23 00 05 0c 01 3d | 00 1d 00 24 00 01 0c 01 |..#....=|...$....|
|00005ee0| 40 00 c4 00 25 00 02 0c | 01 43 00 31 00 26 00 03 |@...%...|.C.1.&..|
|00005ef0| 0c 01 45 00 af 00 27 00 | 04 0c 01 43 00 61 00 28 |..E...'.|...C.a.(|
|00005f00| 00 01 0c 01 46 00 01 00 | 29 00 02 20 0d 20 1a 1a |....F...|).. . ..|
|00005f10| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005f20| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005f30| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005f40| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005f50| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005f60| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005f70| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00005f80| 00 02 1f 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 09 00 02 20 0d 53 |... | ... .S|
|00005f90| 6d 61 6c 6c 70 6f 78 20 | 69 73 20 61 6e 20 61 63 |mallpox |is an ac|
|00005fa0| 75 74 65 20 68 69 67 68 | 6c 79 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 |ute high|ly conta|
|00005fb0| 67 69 6f 75 73 20 64 69 | 73 65 61 73 65 20 74 68 |gious di|sease th|
|00005fc0| 61 74 20 69 73 20 73 6f | 6d 65 74 69 6d 65 73 20 |at is so|metimes |
|00005fd0| 66 61 74 61 6c 2e 20 20 | 49 74 20 0d 63 68 61 72 |fatal. |It .char|
|00005fe0| 61 63 74 65 72 69 7a 65 | 64 20 62 79 20 61 20 68 |acterize|d by a h|
|00005ff0| 69 67 68 20 66 65 76 65 | 72 20 73 65 76 65 72 20 |igh feve|r sever |
|00006000| 73 6b 69 6e 20 65 72 75 | 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 74 |skin eru|ptions t|
|00006010| 68 61 74 20 6f 63 63 75 | 72 20 69 6e 20 73 75 63 |hat occu|r in suc|
|00006020| 63 65 73 73 69 76 65 73 | 20 0d 73 74 61 74 65 73 |cessives| .states|
|00006030| 2e 20 53 6d 61 6c 6c 70 | 6f 78 20 69 73 20 63 61 |. Smallp|ox is ca|
|00006040| 75 73 65 64 20 62 79 20 | 61 20 76 69 72 75 73 20 |used by |a virus |
|00006050| 74 68 61 74 20 6d 61 79 | 20 62 65 20 65 69 69 74 |that may| be eiit|
|00006060| 68 65 72 20 73 70 72 65 | 61 64 20 74 68 72 6f 75 |her spre|ad throu|
|00006070| 67 68 20 74 68 65 20 61 | 69 72 20 0d 6f 72 20 62 |gh the a|ir .or b|
|00006080| 79 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 | 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 63 74 |y direct| contact|
|00006090| 2e 20 20 54 68 72 6f 75 | 67 68 6f 75 74 20 68 69 |. Throu|ghout hi|
|000060a0| 73 74 6f 72 79 20 73 6d | 61 6c 6c 70 6f 78 20 68 |story sm|allpox h|
|000060b0| 61 73 20 62 65 65 6e 20 | 61 20 64 69 73 65 61 73 |as been |a diseas|
|000060c0| 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 0d | 6f 63 63 75 72 72 65 64 |e that .|occurred|
|000060d0| 20 69 6e 20 65 70 69 64 | 65 6d 69 63 73 2e 20 0d | in epid|emics. .|
|000060e0| 20 0d 4e 65 61 72 20 74 | 68 65 20 65 6e 64 20 6f | .Near t|he end o|
|000060f0| 66 20 74 68 65 20 31 38 | 74 68 20 63 65 6e 74 75 |f the 18|th centu|
|00006100| 72 79 2c 20 45 64 77 61 | 72 64 20 4a 65 6e 6e 65 |ry, Edwa|rd Jenne|
|00006110| 72 20 70 72 6f 76 65 64 | 20 74 68 61 74 20 63 6f |r proved| that co|
|00006120| 77 70 6f 78 20 77 61 73 | 20 61 6e 20 0d 65 66 66 |wpox was| an .eff|
|00006130| 65 63 74 69 76 65 20 76 | 61 63 63 69 6e 65 20 61 |ective v|accine a|
|00006140| 67 61 69 6e 73 74 20 74 | 68 65 20 76 69 72 75 73 |gainst t|he virus|
|00006150| 2e 20 20 55 6e 64 65 72 | 20 74 77 6f 20 68 75 6e |. Under| two hun|
|00006160| 64 72 65 64 20 79 65 61 | 72 73 20 6c 61 74 65 72 |dred yea|rs later|
|00006170| 20 28 65 6e 64 20 6f 66 | 20 74 68 65 20 0d 31 39 | (end of| the .19|
|00006180| 37 30 73 29 20 77 6f 72 | 6c 64 20 77 69 64 65 20 |70s) wor|ld wide |
|00006190| 76 61 63 63 69 6e 61 74 | 69 6f 6e 20 70 72 6f 67 |vaccinat|ion prog|
|000061a0| 72 61 6d 73 20 68 61 64 | 20 73 75 63 63 65 65 64 |rams had| succeed|
|000061b0| 65 64 20 69 6e 20 65 6c | 65 69 6d 69 6e 61 74 69 |ed in el|eiminati|
|000061c0| 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 64 | 69 73 65 61 73 65 20 0d |ng the d|isease .|
|000061d0| 77 6f 72 6c 64 77 69 64 | 65 2e 20 0d 20 1a 1a 1a |worldwid|e. . ...|
|000061e0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|000061f0| 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a | 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a |........|........|
|00006200| 09 00 03 31 38 32 31 20 | 0d 20 0d 4d 69 63 68 61 |...1821 |. .Micha|
|00006210| 65 6c 20 46 61 72 61 64 | 61 79 2c 20 61 6e 20 65 |el Farad|ay, an e|
|00006220| 6e 67 6c 69 73 68 20 73 | 63 69 65 6e 74 69 73 74 |nglish s|cientist|
|00006230| 2c 20 69 6e 76 65 6e 74 | 73 20 74 68 65 20 65 6c |, invent|s the el|
|00006240| 65 63 74 72 69 63 20 6d | 6f 74 6f 72 20 61 6e 64 |ectric m|otor and|
|00006250| 20 0d 67 65 6e 65 72 61 | 74 6f 72 2e 20 20 41 6c | .genera|tor. Al|
|00006260| 74 68 6f 75 67 68 20 68 | 69 73 20 69 6e 76 65 6e |though h|is inven|
|00006270| 74 69 6e 67 20 61 63 68 | 69 65 76 65 6d 65 6e 74 |ting ach|ievement|
|00006280| 73 20 77 65 72 65 20 6d | 61 67 6e 69 66 69 63 65 |s were m|agnifice|
|00006290| 6e 74 2c 20 6d 6f 72 65 | 20 0d 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 |nt, more| .import|
|000062a0| 61 6e 74 6c 79 20 68 65 | 20 6c 61 69 64 20 74 68 |antly he| laid th|
|000062b0| 65 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 61 | 74 69 6f 6e 20 66 6f 72 |e founda|tion for|
|000062c0| 20 63 6c 61 73 73 69 63 | 61 6c 20 66 69 65 6c 64 | classic|al field|
|000062d0| 20 74 68 65 6f 72 79 20 | 77 68 69 63 68 20 4a 61 | theory |which Ja|
|000062e0| 6d 65 73 20 0d 43 6c 65 | 72 6b 20 4d 61 78 77 65 |mes .Cle|rk Maxwe|
|000062f0| 6c 6c 20 77 61 73 20 74 | 6f 20 6c 61 74 65 72 20 |ll was t|o later |
|00006300| 70 69 63 6b 20 75 70 20 | 61 6e 64 20 63 6f 6e 74 |pick up |and cont|
|00006310| 69 6e 75 65 2e 20 41 64 | 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c |inue. Ad|ditional|
|00006320| 20 64 69 73 63 6f 76 65 | 72 69 65 73 20 6f 66 20 | discove|ries of |
|00006330| 0d 46 61 72 61 64 61 79 | 27 73 20 61 72 65 20 6c |.Faraday|'s are l|
|00006340| 69 73 74 65 64 20 62 65 | 6c 6f 77 20 0d 20 0d 20 |isted be|low . . |
|00006350| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 54 68 65 20 64 79 6e | | The dyn|
|00006360| 61 6d 6f 20 0d 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 45 |amo . | E|
|00006370| 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 6d 61 | 67 6e 65 74 69 63 20 49 |lectroma|gnetic I|
|00006380| 6e 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e | 20 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 |nduction| . |
|00006390| 20 20 20 20 46 61 72 61 | 64 61 79 27 73 20 4c 61 | Fara|day's La|
|000063a0| 77 20 2d 20 74 68 65 20 | 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 6f |w - the |number o|
|000063b0| 66 20 6d 6f 6c 65 73 20 | 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 64 |f moles |produced|
|000063c0| 20 61 74 20 61 6e 20 65 | 6c 65 63 74 72 6f 64 65 | at an e|lectrode|
|000063d0| 20 0d 64 75 72 69 6e 67 | 20 65 6c 65 63 74 72 6f | .during| electro|
|000063e0| 6c 79 73 69 73 20 69 73 | 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 6c |lysis is| directl|
|000063f0| 79 20 70 72 6f 70 6f 72 | 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 20 74 |y propor|tional t|
+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
Only 25.0 KB of data is shown above.